Live Music Therapy as an Active Focus of Attention for Pain and Behavioral Symptoms of Distress During Pediatric Immunization

Abstract

A total of 100 children coming for routine immunization to pediatric outpatient department were included and were divided into experiment (n = 50) and control (n = 50) groups. Experiment group received live music therapy during immunization procedure. Control group received no intervention. The Modified Behavior Pain Scale (MBPS), 10-point pain levels, and 10-point distress levels were documented by parents. Duration of crying was recorded by investigators. Pre- and postimmunization blood pressures and heart rates of parents holding the children were also measured and recorded by investigators. Independent and paired t tests were used for analysis. All 3 domains of the Modified Behavior Pain Scale and duration of crying showed significant improvement (P < .05) in the experiment group. Pain and distress levels also showed statistically nonsignificant improvement in experiment group. Blood pressure and heart rate of parents showed no difference. Music therapy could be helpful to children, parents, and health care providers by reducing discomfort of the child during pediatric immunization.

The Effects of Music on Microsurgical Technique and Performance

“…The concept referred to as the "aggregation of marginal gains," often applied in competitive sports, suggests that a tiny improvement in each of the subelements of a task or activity can synergize and add up to a remarkable improvement in overall performance. 15,16 Furthermore, music has been shown to reduce the need for anesthesia preoperatively by reducing heart rate and respiratory rate. The physiologic basis of potential factors that impact learning and performance of fine surgical tasks is believed to be related to autonomic reactivity.…”

Pain-Relieving Effect of Music on Preschoolers during Immunization: A Randomized Controlled Trial

“…Another systematic review examined various distraction techniques to address immunization-related pain in children, and similarly confirmed the pain-relieving effect of music on children aged 3 -7 [5]. Such an effect was also reported in studies involving infants [17], infants and preschoolers [18], preschoolers [19], and adolescents [20].…”

“…In contrast, active music therapy performed by music therapists has been shown to be effective to reduce pain in children, including preschoolers, when receiving medical care (immunization and blood sampling) [15] [18]. On the other hand, in Japan, the number of music therapists is very small, and their range of activity is limited to psychology, psychosomatic medicine, and rehabilitation [23].…”

The Atraumatic Care Approach in Pediatric Nursing: Non-Pharmacological Applications in Reducing Pain, Stress, and Anxiety

“…Çocuğun ağrısını azaltmaya yönelik kullanılan yöntemler aynı zamanda anksiyetesini azaltmada da kullanılabilir. (19,27,39,56,58,62,71) Anksiyeteyi azaltmak için kullanılan yöntemler arasında hastane palyaçosu, komik videolar ya da gülme terapisi gibi mizah yöntemleri, (7,25,74,79) müzik terapisi, (56,58,80) oyun terapisi, (1,2,15,28,57,62,65) sanal ortamda görüşme (81) ve yapılandırılmış eğitim (82) yer alır. Hemşire, çocuğun anksiyetesini değerlendirirken çocuk için neyin korkutucu ve üzücü olduğunu öğrenmeli, onu en çok endişelendiren olayı tanımlamasını istemeli ve üzgün gördüğünde ise duygularını paylaşması için onu desteklemeli/cesaretlendirmelidir.…”

“…(21,27) Çocuğun anksiyetesini azaltmaya yönelik kullanılan yöntemlerle ilgili yapılan bazı araştırma sonuçları Tablo 2'de gösterildi. (7,28,29,74,(80)(81)(82) Çocuğa duygusal destek sağlama: Çocuk için hastaneye yatmak fizyolojik sağlığın bozulmasının yanı sıra davranışsal ve duygusal sorunlara neden olabilecek bir durumdur. (37) Yapılan araştırmalarda, hastanede yatan çocuklarda depresyon ve anksiyete, (13,37,83) benlik saygısında azalma, sosyal zorlanma ve saldırganlık (15,84) görüldüğü belirtilmektedir.…”