Little black hole model of ball lightning

Abstract

Small, quiescent black holes can be considered as candidates for the missing dark matter of the universe, and as the core energy source of ball lightning. By means of gravitational tunneling, directed radiation is emitted from black holes in a process much attenuated from that of Hawking radiation, P SH , which has proven elusive to detect. Gravitational tunneling emission is similar to electric field emission of electrons from a metal in that a second body is involved which lowers the barrier and gives the barrier a finite rather than infinite width. Hawking deals with a single isolated black hole. The radiated power here is P R ∝ e −2∆γ P SH , where e -2 ∆γ is the transmission probability.away energy and angular momentum." This is quite similar to the model later used by Hawking (1974Hawking ( , 1975 to propose radiation from non-rotating black holes. He also suggested that small black holes in stellar objects such as our sun might help to explain the solar neutrino problem (Hawking, 1971;Kim et al, 1993).Hawking radiation has not been observed after over two decades of searching (Halzen et al, 1991). Scientific papers (De Sabbata and Sivaram, 1992;Balbinot, 1986) have been written offering reasons why it may not be observable. For example, De Sabbata and Sivaram suggest that "Thus one may observe the decay [Hawking radiation] only if one makes an infinite succession of measurements. So in a sense one may never be able to observe the Hawking effect." The radiation described in the present paper differs substantially from Hawking's, and a case is made here that it has already been observed indirectly in ball lightning; and possibly also in the detected gamma-ray background. Gravitational TunnelingA quantum theory of gravity has not yet been developed. Nor has the difficult two-body problem yet been solved in general relativity. There may be an intrinsic incompatibility between general relativity and quantum mechanics as quantum mechanics appears to be antithetical to the equivalence principle (Overhauser, 1975;Rabinowitz, 1990a). Hawking (1974Hawking ( , 1975 boldly circumvented these problems in considering quantum fluctuation virtual particle pair production outside an isolated black hole as the source of Hawking radiation.The tunneling probability is 0 out of the gravitational well of a single isolated body. Two-body systems will also be analyzed, where the tunneling probability ≠ 0.The analysis here mainly relates to uncharged, non-rotating bodies in general, and black holes in particular. Since we shall be dealing mainly with very low tunneling probabilities, the details of the effective potential barrier near the black hole are not critical. Both for Einsteinian and Newtonian black holes, the potential energy far from

High-Energy Atmospheric Physics: Ball Lightning

“…The first detailed scientific analysis of this hypothesis was made by Mario Rabinowitz in 1999 [12]: Small, quiescent black holes can be considered as candidates for the missing dark matter of the universe, and as the core energy source of ball lightning. By means of gravitational tunneling, directed radiation is emitted from black holes in a process much attenuated from that of Hawking radiation which has proven elusive to detect.…”

Domain of validity: Do the laws of nature and physics agree on what is allowed and forbidden?

“…If YGR is correct and there are no black holes, this impinges more on Hawking's model of black hole radiation than it does on my field emission-like model of gravitational tunneling radiation. [16][17][18][19] Tunneling radiation would still be nearly the same between a very dense little grey hole and a second body. The fact that a derivation is invalid does not disprove the existence of the effect.…”

“…The Rabinowitz radiation tunneling model involves no infinite frequency wave modes, and particle-antiparticle pairs do not have to be created. [16][17][18][19] Hawking takes the position that radiation does not originate from within a black hole, but comes from the vicinity outside it, only appearing to come from within.…”

“…The distribution of LH masses is not known. Assuming that LH comprise all of the dark matter, i. e. 95 % of the mass of the universe [16][17][18] (12) and (13) my model predicts that the incidence rate of BL is roughly in the range 10 -12 km -2 sec -1 to >~ 10 -8 km -2 sec -1 for A far /A E > ~10 4 . (Even if p = 100%, 10 -11 km -2 sec -1 is well below the signal level of existing detectors.)…”

Black Hole Massive Thermodynamics

“…(25) can be expressed as I b ∼ σ T 4 . The radiation power for a black hole, under the assumption of a pure photon emission, is however, given by [23]…”