High-Energy Atmospheric Physics: Ball Lightning

Abstract

This article proposes an explanation for High-Energy Atmospheric phenomena through the frames of Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM). In WUM, Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flashes (TGFs) are, in fact, Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs). The spectra of TGFs at very high energies are explained by Dark Matter particles annihilation in Geocorona. Lightning initiation problem is solved by GRBs that slam into thunderclouds and carve a conductive path through a thunderstorm. We introduce Multiworld consisting of Macro-World, Large-World, Small-World, and Micro-World, characterized by suggested Gravitational, Extremely-Weak, Super-Weak, and Weak interaction respectively. We propose a new model of Ball Lightning formation based on the Dark Matter Core surrounded by electron-positron plasma in the Small-World.

Dark Matter Cosmology and Astrophysics

“…, which is about 10 orders of magnitude greater than G. The range of the extremely-weak interaction EW R in the present epoch equals to [12]: WUM develops the mathematical framework that allows for the calculation of these parameters [7]. According to WUM, the maximum mass of Macroobjects In the Large-World, the maximum mass of Large Objects In our opinion, Fermi Bubbles contain Large Objects built up from self-annihilating particles DMF1 and DMF2 (see Section 6.7).…”

“…Giant planets like Jupiter are hundreds of degrees warmer than current temperature models predict. Until now, the extremely warm temperatures observed in Jupiter's atmosphere (about 970 degrees C [109]) have been difficult to explain, due to lack of a known heat source [12]. Saturn radiates 2.5 times more energy than it receives from the Sun [110]; Uranus-1.1 times [111]; Neptune-2.6 times [112].…”

“…According to these principles, the Sun's luminosity had to change over time, with the young Sun being about 30% less luminous than today. The long-term evolution of the bolometric solar lu- , it is easy to find that the young Sun's output was 67% of what it is today [12]. Literature commonly refers to the value of 70% [117] [118].…”

“…The nearest thunderstorms were ~1000 miles away [136];  An ultraviolet telescope installed on the Russian satellite Lomonosov has registered several powerful explosions of light in the Earth's atmosphere at an Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology altitude of several dozen kilometers in clear weather [137]. Additionally, in frames of existing models it is difficult to explain the following results [12]:  Unusual surges of radiation at 511 keV when there were no thunderstorms;  Beams of antimatter (positrons) produced above thunderstorms on Earth;  A gamma-ray flash coming down from the overhead thundercloud;  Some lightnings produce X-rays and others do not;  Explosive production of energetic particles observed from space;  The spectra of TGFs at very high energies (40 -100 MeV).…”

“…According to A. G. Oreshko, "P. L. Kapitsa supposed that a ball lightning is a window in another world" [147]. In WUM, it was suggested that BL is an object of the Small-World [12].…”