Lithium/water system: primary batteries

Effects of adding calcium to lithium on the discharge and hydrogen evolution of lithium anodes

“…It was reported that adding metal elements to lithium also suppressed hydrogen evolution [15]. Aluminum was utilized as an alloying element added to the lithium anode [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25].…”

Effect of adding cerium to lithium on the performance of discharge and hydrogen evolution of the lithium anode

“…However, that same dot lies directly under the largest LiOH spike in the pure Li system. This is probably due to the uncertainty in the XRD technique to detect Ce(OH) 3 . Table 1 shows the Gibbs energies of formation available in literature [21] and Table 2 displays the relevant thermodynamic data to delineate the stability regions of the cerium/water system.…”

“…As a result, the practical energy density and current efficiency of lithium decrease. Study on the electrochemical behaviors of lithium in alkaline aqueous solutions and how to decrease the hydrogen evolution rate has been conducted by several research groups [1][2][3][4][5]. Initial studies focused on the electrolyte additives expected to reduce the activity of water, or modify the interface property [3,6].…”

Effect of adding sodium to lithium on the performance of discharge and hydrogen evolution of the lithium anode

“…However, the high reactivity of lithium with water results in efficiency losses and safety problems for lithium water batteries [1]. Many attempts have been made by researchers to decrease the hydrogen evolution rate [2,3]. The lithium surface properties in aqueous solutions have been studied theoretically [4][5][6][7][8][9][10].…”