Lithium loss in the solid electrolyte interphase: Lithium quantification of aged lithium ion battery graphite electrodes by means of laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy

Chromatographic Techniques in the Research Area of Lithium Ion Batteries: Current State-of-the-Art

“…Therefore, the analysis of the stoichiometry of the electrodes can reveal the loss of TMs due to the above-explained effects. While inductively coupled plasma-based methods are routinely used for this purpose, the addition of chromatographic methods can provide valuable information since certified reference materials are not available presently [59,[122][123][124][125].…”

“…In comparison, the electrochemical reduction of the electrolyte at the carbonaceous anode results in the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). This protective layer is composed of inorganic and organic decomposition products and is necessary for long-term performance, as it is ideally only permeable for lithium ions, thus protecting the highly reactive anode against further reduction reactions [26,29,[58][59][60][61]. However, transition metal dissolution (TMD) and TM migration from the cathode can lead to the deposition of the different metals on the anode.…”

Temperature-dependent cycling performance and ageing mechanisms of C6/LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 batteries

“…A lot of research has been carried out to investigate the degradation mechanisms of NMC batteries [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. Generally, Li immobilization in the Solid-Electrolyte-Interface (SEI) at the graphite electrode is considered to be the main origin of the battery capacity losses [24][25][26][27][28][29].…”

Spatially resolved stoichiometry determination of Li7La3Zr2O12 solid-state electrolytes using LA-ICP-OES

“…39,40 While neither LA-ICP-MS nor LA-ICP-OES is widely adapted in the eld of Li-ion batteries, both techniques have been successfully applied for the characterization of electrode materials. [41][42][43][44][45] Since LA suffers from sample-dependent ablation behavior and elemental fractionation, reliable signal quantication is challenging. However, these issues can be overcome by using matrix-matched calibration standards in combination with appropriate signal normalization strategies.…”