Lithium-Ion Battery Technologies for Electric Mobility – State-of-the-Art Scenario

Abstract

Rechargeable batteries are an integral part of all types of electric vehicles (EVs). Batteries must contain higher energy-power densities and longer cycle life for an EV system. Lead-acid batteries, Nickel-metal hydride batteries, and Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been employed as charge storage in EV systems to date. Lead-acid batteries and Nickel-metal hydride batteries were deployed in EVs by General Motors in 1996. However, the low specific energy in Lead-acid batteries (34 Whkg-1) and high self-discharge (12.5% per day at r.t.) in Nickel-metal hydride batteries have marked these batteries obsolete in EV applications. LIBs currently occupy most of the EV market because of their high specific power (~130-220 Whkg-1) and a low selfdischarge rate (~5% per month). The current technological maturity and mass production in LIBs have reduced the overall battery cost by ~98% in the last three decades, reaching an average value of $140 kWh-1 in 2021. Although a game-changer in battery technologies, LIBs encounter various challenges: high cost, low safety, less reliability, and immature infrastructure despite environmental benignness. Overcharging and overheating of LIBs can cause thermal runway leading to fire hazards or explosion. Declining Liresources also raise concerns regarding the reliability and shelf-life of LIB technology. Hence, a critical assessment of Li-ion chemistries is essential to comprehend the potential of LIBs in electric mobilities and to realize the prospects in EVs.

Recent Progress in Hard Carbon Anodes for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

“…In daily life, 90% of waste plastics (mainly polyethylene terephthalate, Polyterephthalate (PET)) are disposed of in landfills, which require a long time for complete degradation and causes pollution to the natural environment. Nagmani et al [ 123 ] used PET as precursor, and obtained hard carbon anode after carbonizing at 1000 °C. This hard carbon anode provides a reversible capacity of 337 mAh g −1 and a capacity retention rate of 88% after 100 cycles at 30 mAh g −1 .…”

A Review on the Recent Advances in Battery Development and Energy Storage Technologies

“…To maintain load balance and assure the stability and dependability of the power network, the majority of renewable energy sources are naturally intermittent [1]. Modern battery technology ofers a number of advantages over earlier models, including increased specifc energy and energy density (more energy stored per unit of volume or weight), increased lifetime, and improved safety [4]. By installing battery energy storage system, renewable energy can be used more efectively because it is a backup power source, less reliant on the grid, has a smaller carbon footprint, and enjoys long-term fnancial benefts.…”