Lithium-Ion Battery Supply Chain Considerations: Analysis of Potential Bottlenecks in Critical Metals

Olivetti, Elsa; Ceder, Gerbrand; Gaustad, Gabrielle; Fu, Xinkai

doi:10.1016/j.joule.2017.08.019

Cited by 1,001 publications

(693 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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research on lithium-ion battery cathodes has been largely dominated by layered rock salt materials in the Li x (Ni-Mn-Co-Al) 2−x O 2 (NMCA) compositional space, [3,4] in which redox activity is limited to Co and Ni. [1,3,5] The fact that the cathode structure has to be layered and remain layered upon cycling greatly restricts the changes which can be made to NMCA-type rock salt chemistries.Recent progress in the development of Li percolation theory for rock salt compounds, in which Li transport still takes place even when the cations are disordered, has greatly enlarged the design space for cathode materials. [1,3,5] The fact that the cathode structure has to be layered and remain layered upon cycling greatly restricts the changes which can be made to NMCA-type rock salt chemistries.

Recent progress in the development of Li percolation theory for rock salt compounds, in which Li transport still takes place even when the cations are disordered, has greatly enlarged the design space for cathode materials.

…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved Cycling Performance of Li‐Excess Cation‐Disordered Cathode Materials upon Fluorine Substitution

Lun

Ouyang

Kitchaev

et al. 2018

Advanced Energy Materials

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140

235

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research on lithium-ion battery cathodes has been largely dominated by layered rock salt materials in the Li x (Ni-Mn-Co-Al) 2−x O 2 (NMCA) compositional space, [3,4] in which redox activity is limited to Co and Ni. Cobalt in particular is expensive and relatively scarce compared to other 3d transition metals, such as Fe or Mn. [1,3,5] The fact that the cathode structure has to be layered and remain layered upon cycling greatly restricts the changes which can be made to NMCA-type rock salt chemistries.Recent progress in the development of Li percolation theory for rock salt compounds, in which Li transport still takes place even when the cations are disordered, has greatly enlarged the design space for cathode materials. [6,7] Lifting the requirement that cations form an ordered (layered) structure enables the use of various transition metal (TM) redox centers, including Mn 3+ /Mn 4+ , [8,9] Mn 2+ /Mn 4+ , [5,10] Cr 3+ /Cr 5+ , [6,11] Mo 3+ /Mo 6+ , [12] and V 3+ /V 5+ . [11,13] Because these compounds need Li excess to achieve Li percolation, [6,7] they typically also contain high valent charge compensators, such as Nb 5+ , [8,9] Sb 5+ , [14] Mo 6+ , [15,16] and Ti 4+ . [16][17][18] In addition, fluorine substitution is facile inThe recent discovery of Li-excess cation-disordered rock salt cathodes has greatly enlarged the design space of Li-ion cathode materials. Evidence of facile lattice fluorine substitution for oxygen has further provided an important strategy to enhance the cycling performance of this class of materials. Here, a group of Mn 3+ -Nb 5+ -based cation-disordered oxyfluorides, Li 1.2 Mn 3+ 0.6+0.5x Nb 5+ 0.2−0.5x O 2−x F x (x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2) is investigated and it is found that fluorination improves capacity retention in a very significant way. Combining spectroscopic methods and ab initio calculations, it is demonstrated that the increased transition-metal redox (Mn 3+ /Mn 4+ ) capacity that can be accommodated upon fluorination reduces reliance on oxygen redox and leads to less oxygen loss, as evidenced by differential electrochemical mass spectroscopy measurements. Furthermore, it is found that fluorine substitution also decreases the Mn 3+ -induced Jahn-Teller distortion, leading to an orbital rearrangement that further increases the contribution of Mn-redox capacity to the overall capacity.

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“…

research on lithium-ion battery cathodes has been largely dominated by layered rock salt materials in the Li x (Ni-Mn-Co-Al) 2−x O 2 (NMCA) compositional space, [3,4] in which redox activity is limited to Co and Ni. [1,3,5] The fact that the cathode structure has to be layered and remain layered upon cycling greatly restricts the changes which can be made to NMCA-type rock salt chemistries.Recent progress in the development of Li percolation theory for rock salt compounds, in which Li transport still takes place even when the cations are disordered, has greatly enlarged the design space for cathode materials. [1,3,5] The fact that the cathode structure has to be layered and remain layered upon cycling greatly restricts the changes which can be made to NMCA-type rock salt chemistries.

…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved Cycling Performance of Li‐Excess Cation‐Disordered Cathode Materials upon Fluorine Substitution

Lun

Ouyang

Kitchaev

et al. 2018

Advanced Energy Materials

Self Cite

140

235

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

research on lithium-ion battery cathodes has been largely dominated by layered rock salt materials in the Li x (Ni-Mn-Co-Al) 2−x O 2 (NMCA) compositional space, [3,4] in which redox activity is limited to Co and Ni. Cobalt in particular is expensive and relatively scarce compared to other 3d transition metals, such as Fe or Mn. [1,3,5] The fact that the cathode structure has to be layered and remain layered upon cycling greatly restricts the changes which can be made to NMCA-type rock salt chemistries.Recent progress in the development of Li percolation theory for rock salt compounds, in which Li transport still takes place even when the cations are disordered, has greatly enlarged the design space for cathode materials. [6,7] Lifting the requirement that cations form an ordered (layered) structure enables the use of various transition metal (TM) redox centers, including Mn 3+ /Mn 4+ , [8,9] Mn 2+ /Mn 4+ , [5,10] Cr 3+ /Cr 5+ , [6,11] Mo 3+ /Mo 6+ , [12] and V 3+ /V 5+ . [11,13] Because these compounds need Li excess to achieve Li percolation, [6,7] they typically also contain high valent charge compensators, such as Nb 5+ , [8,9] Sb 5+ , [14] Mo 6+ , [15,16] and Ti 4+ . [16][17][18] In addition, fluorine substitution is facile inThe recent discovery of Li-excess cation-disordered rock salt cathodes has greatly enlarged the design space of Li-ion cathode materials. Evidence of facile lattice fluorine substitution for oxygen has further provided an important strategy to enhance the cycling performance of this class of materials. Here, a group of Mn 3+ -Nb 5+ -based cation-disordered oxyfluorides, Li 1.2 Mn 3+ 0.6+0.5x Nb 5+ 0.2−0.5x O 2−x F x (x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2) is investigated and it is found that fluorination improves capacity retention in a very significant way. Combining spectroscopic methods and ab initio calculations, it is demonstrated that the increased transition-metal redox (Mn 3+ /Mn 4+ ) capacity that can be accommodated upon fluorination reduces reliance on oxygen redox and leads to less oxygen loss, as evidenced by differential electrochemical mass spectroscopy measurements. Furthermore, it is found that fluorine substitution also decreases the Mn 3+ -induced Jahn-Teller distortion, leading to an orbital rearrangement that further increases the contribution of Mn-redox capacity to the overall capacity.

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“…Another study by Olivetti et al (2017) looked closely at the future supply chains of lithium-ion batteries [8]. They emphasized that comparing the demand for lithium to its future supply is not sufficient to determine its criticality.…”

Section: Discussion Of Metal Demand and Supplymentioning

confidence: 99%

Metals for Fuels? The Raw Material Shift by Energy-Efficient Transport Systems in Europe

2018

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Abstract:The long-term transition towards a low-carbon transport sector is a key strategy in Europe. This includes the replacement of fossil fuels, modal shifts towards public transport as well as higher energy efficiency in the transport sector overall. While these energy savings are likely to reduce the direct greenhouse gas emissions of transport, they also require the production of new and different vehicles. This study analyses in detail whether final energy savings in the transport sector also induce savings for material resources from nature if the production of future vehicles is considered. The results for 28 member states in 2030 indicate that energy efficiency in the transport sector leads to lower carbon emissions as well as resource use savings. However, energy-efficient transport sectors can have a significant impact on the demand for metals in Europe. An additional annual demand for 28.4 Mt of metal ores was calculated from the personal transport sector in 2030 alone. The additional metal ores from semiprecious metals (e.g., copper) amount to 12.0 Mt, from precious metals (e.g., gold) to 9.1 Mt and from other metals (e.g., lithium) to 11.7 Mt, with small savings for ferrous metal ores (−4.6 Mt).

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“…[48] M 3 X 2 T x ratios MXenes have revealed drawbacks such as restacking, easy oxidation, and low electrical conductivity, inhibiting the development of pure M 3 X 2 T x . So far, the MXene-based composites have been successfully synthesized with metals, [59][60][61][62] metal sulfides, [63] metal oxides, [60,64,65] mesoporous carbon, [66,67] graphene, [68] high-quality graphene, [69] carbon nanotubes, [70] carbon fibers, [71,72] polypyrrole, [73] etc., and its applications have been exploited in various fields, for instance, batteries, [74] supercapacitors (SCs), [75] electromagnetic wave absorption, [59,76] water purification, [77] etc. So far, the MXene-based composites have been successfully synthesized with metals, [59][60][61][62] metal sulfides, [63] metal oxides, [60,64,65] mesoporous carbon, [66,67] graphene, [68] high-quality graphene, [69] carbon nanotubes, [70] carbon fibers, [71,72] polypyrrole, [73] etc., and its applications have been exploited in various fields, for instance, batteries, [74] supercapacitors (SCs), [75] electromagnetic wave absorption, [59,…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MXene‐Based Composites: Synthesis and Applications in Rechargeable Batteries and Supercapacitors

Yang

Bao

Jaumaux

et al. 2019

Adv Materials Inter

224

130

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The family of 2D transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides (collectively called MXenes) is rapidly studied since the initial synthesis of Ti3C2Tx (MXene). The surface of MXenes etched by hydrofluoric acid has hydrophilic groups (F, OH, and O), which leads the surface to be negatively charged. Consequently, the negatively charged surface can facilitate the compounding of MXenes with other positively charged materials and prevent MXenes from aggregating with some negatively charged substances, thus promoting the formation of a stable dispersion. The MXene‐based composites have better electrochemical performance than both precursors due to synergistic effects. This review elaborates and discusses the development of MXene‐based composites. It is aimed to summarize the various methods of fabricating MXene‐based composites. The applications of MXene‐based composites in batteries and supercapacitors are presented along with analysis of their excellent electrochemical performances. Finally, the authors propose the approach for further enhancing the electrochemical performances of MXene‐based composite electrode materials.

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Lithium-Ion Battery Supply Chain Considerations: Analysis of Potential Bottlenecks in Critical Metals

Cited by 1,001 publications

References 49 publications

Improved Cycling Performance of Li‐Excess Cation‐Disordered Cathode Materials upon Fluorine Substitution

Improved Cycling Performance of Li‐Excess Cation‐Disordered Cathode Materials upon Fluorine Substitution

Metals for Fuels? The Raw Material Shift by Energy-Efficient Transport Systems in Europe

MXene‐Based Composites: Synthesis and Applications in Rechargeable Batteries and Supercapacitors

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