Lithium and Potassium Absorption, Dehydroxylation Temperature, and Structural Water Content of Aluminous Smectites

Abstract

Abstract-X-ray analysis of Li +-and K~-saturated samples, differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and chemical analysis of 83 samples enable a distinction to be made between Wyoming, Tatatilla, Otay, Chambers, and non-ideal types of montmorillonite, and between ideal and non-ideal types of beidellite. The Greene-Kelly Li+-test differentiates between the montmorillonites and beidellites. Re-expansion with ethylene glycol after K+-saturation and heating at 300~ depends upon total net layer charge and not upon location of the charge. Wyoming-type montmorillonites characteristically have low net layer charge and re-expand to 17 A,. whereas most other montmorillonites and beidellites have a higher net layer charge and re-expand to less than 17 *.Major differences in dehydroxylation temperatures cannot be related consistently to the amount of AI :~ -for-Si ~+ substitution, nor to the amount of Mg. Fe. type of interlayer cations, or particle size. The major factor controlling temperature of dehydroxylation seems to be the amount of structural (OH). Of 19 samples analyzed by [GA. montmorillonites and the one ideal beidellite that give dehydroxylation endotherms on their DTA curves between 650 ~ and 760~ all contain nearly the ideal amount of 4(OH) per unit cell, but the non-ideal montmorillonites and beidellites that give dehydroxylation peaks between 550 ~ and 600~ do not. Non-ideal beidellites contain more than the ideal amount of structural (OH) and non-ideal montmorillonites seem to contain less, although the low temperature of dehydroxylation of the latter could also be due to other structural defects. Change in X-ray diffraction intensity of the 001 reflection during dehydroxylation suggests that the extra (OH) of beidellite occurs at the apex of SiO~ or AIO4 tetrahedrons with the H ~ of the (OH)-polarized toward vacant cation sites in the octahedral sheet.

Determination of Hydration (H2O−) and Structural (H2O+) Water for Chemical Analysis of Smectites. Application to Los Trancos Smectites, Spain

“…The mass loss in the third stage is --5%, in general agreement with the ideal amount of structural water. Variations of the mass loss around 5% have already been reported (Schultz, 1969). The sum of mass lffss in the second and third stages is between 6 and~,10%, agreeing with the amounts of 'structural water' obtained in most chemical analyses.…”

Authigenic Mineral Formation by Solodization

“…(1945) and Whittig (1959). The dominance of Mg*+ in the lower pedon is similar to that described for a Mg-solonetz (Ellis and Caldwell 1935;Rost and Mahl 1943 (Schultz 1969).…”

CuO-CeO2 supported on montmorillonite-derived porous clay heterostructures (PCH) for preferential CO oxidation in H2-rich stream

“…The resulting formula represents a Wyoming-type montmorillonite, according to the classification by Schultz [51] because of the layer charge, lower than 0.85 electron charges per unit cell (e − /u.c. ), and the percentage of tetrahedral substitution.…”