Literature review of head injury biomechanics

Hardy, Warren N.; Khalil, Tawfik B.; King, Albert I.

doi:10.1016/0734-743x(94)80034-7

Cited by 96 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…52 Explanations of these theories have been previously documented in great detail. 20 The Wayne State Tolerance Curve (WSTC) was developed from a series of tests on dogs and cadavers and related linear acceleration and duration of acceleration to injury tolerance. 16 Injury metric functions such as severity index (SI) and head injury criterion (HIC) were subsequently developed from analyses of the WSTC.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rotational Head Kinematics in Football Impacts: An Injury Risk Function for Concussion

et al. 2011

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Recent research has suggested a possible link between sports-related concussions and neurodegenerative processes, highlighting the importance of developing methods to accurately quantify head impact tolerance. The use of kinematic parameters of the head to predict brain injury has been suggested because they are indicative of the inertial response of the brain. The objective of this study isto characterize the rotational kinematics of the head associated with concussive impacts using a large head acceleration dataset collected from human subjects. The helmets of 335 football players were instrumented with accelerometer arrays that measured head acceleration following head impacts sustained during play, resulting in data for 300,977 subconcussive and 57 concussive head impacts. The average subconcussive impact had a rotational acceleration of 1230 rad/s 2 and a rotational velocity of 5.5 rad/s, while the average concussive impact had a rotational acceleration of 5022 rad/s 2 and a rotational velocity of 22.3 rad/s. An injury risk curve was developed and a nominal injury value of 6383 rad/s 2 associated with 28.3 rad/s represents 50% risk of concussion. These data provide an increased understanding of the biomechanics associated with concussion, and they provide critical insight into injury mechanisms, human tolerance to mechanical stimuli, and injury prevention techniques.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rotational Head Kinematics in Football Impacts: An Injury Risk Function for Concussion

et al. 2011

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“…Note that these data also support the argument that peak acceleration is not a sufficient measure to predict cognitive deficit. 7,8,24,26 Currently, the location of the postulated injuries in the COI -/FOI + group (working memory networks, including DLPFC), and their apparent focal behavioral effect, make it difficult to identify this group on-site. If an individual has not suffered damage to integration centers associated with language, or to auditory processing pathways, he is unlikely to exhibit the symptoms necessary for identification as being concussed.…”

Section: Talavage Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

“…12 While concussion is inherently a mechanically-induced injury, efforts to determine its underlying biomechanical mechanisms have been inconclusive. 7,[23][24][25] Attempts to correlate injury with kinematic input variables such as peak acceleration or the Head Injury Criterion have proven inadequate in their ability to accurately predict the occurrence of concussion. 7,26,27 Similarly, efforts to identify metabolic factors that predispose an individual to concussion have also remained elusive.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functionally-Detected Cognitive Impairment in High School Football Players without Clinically-Diagnosed Concussion

Talavage

Nauman²,

Breedlove³

et al. 2014

Journal of Neurotrauma

522

486

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Head trauma and concussion in football players have recently received considerable media attention. Postmortem evidence suggests that accrual of damage to the brain may occur with repeated blows to the head, even when the individual blows fail to produce clinical symptoms. There is an urgent need for improved detection and characterization of head trauma to reduce future injury risk and promote development of new therapies. In this study we examined neurological performance and health in the presence of head collision events in high school football players, using longitudinal measures of collision events (the HIT Ô System), neurocognitive testing (ImPACT, and functional magnetic resonance imaging MRI (fMRI). Longitudinal assessment (including baseline) was conducted in 11 young men (ages 15-19 years) participating on the varsity and junior varsity football teams at a single high school. We expected and observed subjects in two previously described categories: (1) no clinically-diagnosed concussion and no changes in neurological behavior, and (2) clinically-diagnosed concussion with changes in neurological behavior. Additionally, we observed players in a previously undiscovered third category, who exhibited no clinically-observed symptoms associated with concussion, but who demonstrated measurable neurocognitive (primarily visual working memory) and neurophysiological (altered activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex [DLPFC]) impairments. This new category was associated with significantly higher numbers of head collision events to the top-front of the head, directly above the DLPFC. The discovery of this new category suggests that more players are suffering neurological injury than are currently being detected using traditional concussion-assessment tools. These individuals are unlikely to undergo clinical evaluation, and thus may continue to participate in football-related activities, even when changes in brain physiology (and potential brain damage) are present, which will increase the risk of future neurological injury.

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“…Since in vivo brain tissue deformation is difficult to measure, computational modeling has been employed to predict brain deformations to better understand TBI biomechanics (Hardy et al, 1994;Zhang et al, 2001). As finite element meshes of the brain become more sophisticated with higher density meshes to incorporate local anatomic detail, the constitutive inputs to these models will require an equivalent degree of detail.…”

Section: Fig 5 (A) Atomic Force Microscope (Afm) Indentationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical Heterogeneity of the Rat Hippocampus Measured by Atomic Force Microscope Indentation

Elkin

Azeloglu

Costa

et al. 2007

Journal of Neurotrauma

285

215

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Knowledge of brain tissue mechanical properties may be critical for formulating hypotheses about traumatic brain injury (TBI) mechanisms and for accurate TBI simulations. To determine the local mechanical properties of anatomical subregions within the rat hippocampus, the atomic force microscope (AFM) was adapted for use on living brain tissue. The AFM provided advantages over alternative methods for measuring local mechanical properties of brain because of its high spatial resolution, high sensitivity, and ability to measure live samples under physiologic conditions. From AFM indentations, a mean pointwise or depth-dependent apparent elastic modulus, Ê, was determined for the following hippocampal subregions: CA1 pyramidal cell layer (CA1P) and stratum radiatum (CA1SR), CA3 pyramidal cell layer (CA3P) and stratum radiatum ( Our results demonstrate for the first time that the hippocampus is mechanically heterogeneous. Based on our findings, we discuss hypotheses accounting for experimentally observed patterns of hippocampal cell death, which can be tested with biofidelic finite element models of TBI.

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Literature review of head injury biomechanics

Cited by 96 publications

References 66 publications

Rotational Head Kinematics in Football Impacts: An Injury Risk Function for Concussion

Rotational Head Kinematics in Football Impacts: An Injury Risk Function for Concussion

Functionally-Detected Cognitive Impairment in High School Football Players without Clinically-Diagnosed Concussion

Mechanical Heterogeneity of the Rat Hippocampus Measured by Atomic Force Microscope Indentation

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