Liquid phase esterification of acrylic acid with 1-butanol catalyzed by solid acid catalysts

Efficient Protection of Alcohols with Carboxylic Acids Using a Variety of Heteropolyoxometallates as Catalysts, Studying Effective Reaction Parameters

“…Although, the catalytic activity of these homogeneous catalysts is high, they suffer from several drawbacks, such as their corrosive nature, the existence of side reactions, and the fact that the catalyst cannot be easily separated from the reaction mixture. [29][30][31][32] The use of reusable acid catalysts, offer an alterna- The reactions were carried out as described below Table 1. tive and have received a lot of attention in the past few years. [33][34][35][36] It is worth mentioning that heteropolyoxometallate catalysts could be used as recyclable catalysts.…”

A new application for transition metal chalcogenides: WS2 catalysed esterification of carboxylic acids

“…Addition of 1 mmol of water (10 mol% equivalent to the acid) had little effect on the initial rate, which fell by around 25 %, whereas high water concentrations (100 mol%) resulted in a 50 % activity loss. While obviously undesirable, this water tolerance remains superior to that observed for acid esterification catalysed by H 3 PW 12 O 40 functionalised magnetic nanoparticles (for which only 1 wt% water induced 90 % deactivation) [35], SO 4 /ZrO 2 [34], Amberlyst-15 [36], and SAC-13 [27] as shown in Table 2. For hydrophilic solid acid catalysts it is strongly believed that deactivation occurs due to irreversible water adsorption over the active sites coupled with a shift in equilibrium position to favour ester hydrolysis.…”

“…WS 2 is hence an exceptional solid acid catalyst for palmitic acid esterification, an important step in the commercial production of biodiesel production from plant oils. Water is an inevitable by-product of esterification, but a common problem for many solid acid catalysts [15,27,34], as observed for e.g. acrylic acid esterification with butanol over Figure 3).…”

Étude de faisabilité de l’estérification d’un diacide par distillation réactive

“…Elles concernent près d'une centaine de réactions rassemblées au sein d'une quinzaine de classes différentes. Les réactions d'estérification constituent sans doute la famille de réaction la plus étudiée en distillation réactive (Bart et al, 1996 ;Okasinski et Doherty, 2000 ;Brehelin, 2007 ;Steinigeweg et Gmehling, 2002 ;Grob et Hasse, 2005 ;Lee et al, 2000 ;Tischmeyer et Arlt, 2004 ;Chen et al, 1999 ;Omota et al, 2003). Parmi les autres familles de réaction utilisables en distillation réactive, citons la transestérification (Bonet, 2006 ;Nishihira et al, 2000 ;Shaerfl et al, 2000 ;Lyuben et al, 2004) dont les applications augmentent dans le domaine des solvants verts et du biodiesel; les réactions d'éthérification constituent également un large vivier d'application pour la distillation réactive comme la synthèse du MTBE (Ryu et Gelbein, 2002), du TAME (Kolodziej et al, 2004) ou de l'ETBE; les réactions d'hydratation comme l'hydratation de l'oxyde d'éthylène (Steyer et al, 2002) ou la déhydratation du ter-butanol (Abella et al, 1999).…”