A new application for transition metal chalcogenides: WS2 catalysed esterification of carboxylic acids

Abstract

The first application of WS 2 , a well-known graphene analogue, as a solid acid catalyst for carboxylic acid esterification is reported. WS 2 exhibits excellent specific activities and high conversion to methyl esters of (65-90 %) for C2-C16 carboxylic acid esterification with methanol under mild conditions, with Turnover Frequencies between 80-180 h -1 , and outstanding water tolerance even under equimolar water spiking. WS 2 also exhibits good stability towards methyl propanoate in the continuous esterification of propanoic acid, and is a promising candidate for biofuels production.

WS2 and MoS2 counter electrode materials for dye‐sensitized solar cells

“…Tungsten dichalcogenides, same as other TMDs, offer active sites for catalytic reactions. 141,142 Replacing platinum counter electrodes to develop low cost, catalytically active, and stable counter electrodes by utilizing WS 2 has been one of the hot topics among researchers nowadays. [143][144][145][146] 3.…”

“…Tungsten dichalcogenides, same as other TMDs, offer active sites for catalytic reactions. 141,142 for the first time. 143 The SEM images presented the forms of accumulated irregular particles piled up with WS 2 slices.…”

An Environmentally Benign Solid Acid Nanocatalyst for the Green Synthesis of Carboxylic Acid Ester

“…[3] In addition, recyclable solid acid catalysts are not corrosive compared to homogeneous catalysts and facilitate sustainable, organic synthesis under heterogeneous reaction conditions. [4] So far, an adequate number of recyclable solid acid catalysts have been developed and applied in the various organic transformations in the laboratory and industry, such as zeolite, [5] silica phosphoric acid, [6] tungstophosphoric, [7] Amberlyst-15, [8] Nafion-H, [9] heteropoly acids (HPAs), [10] silica sulfuric acid, [11] chalcogenides, [12] polymers, [13] activated carbon, [14][15][16] and silica-supported zirconium sulfate. [17] In addition, recyclable catalyst grafted on silica, [18] carbon, [19] and acid clay [20] correspondingly detailed for distinctive catalytic applications.…”

Reusable Heterogeneous Tungstophosphoric Acid-Derived Catalyst for Green Esterification of Carboxylic Acids

“…In this respect, acidic solids have been investigated as heterogeneous catalysts. 12,13 A wide range of solid acids has already been explored in esterification reaction including chalcogenides, 14 acid clays, 15,16 oxides, 10,17,18 modified silica, 19,20 polymers, 21 and activated carbon. 22−24 Heteropolyacids (HPAs) have been effectively employed to catalyze the esterification of free fatty acids (FFAs).…”

“…Green synthetic approaches to prepare esters and overcome the present drawbacks have received much attention. In this respect, acidic solids have been investigated as heterogeneous catalysts. , A wide range of solid acids has already been explored in esterification reaction including chalcogenides, acid clays, , oxides, ,, modified silica, , polymers, and activated carbon. − Heteropolyacids (HPAs) have been effectively employed to catalyze the esterification of free fatty acids (FFAs). − These extremely acidic compounds are anionic metal–oxygen clusters based on polyoxometalates (POMs) . The HPAs are environmentally friendly alternatives to the use of mineral acids (H 2 SO 4 , HCl, or HF) .…”