Liquid–liquid extraction technology for resource recovery: Applications, potential, and perspectives

Bokhary, Alnour; Leitch, Mathew; Liao, Baoqiang

doi:10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101762

Cited by 36 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 170 publications

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“…Solubility in organic solvents has been shown to be dependent on the solvent’s polarity and hydrogen bonding capacity. Intermediate polarity solvents are more efficient in dissolving lignin compared to polar and non-polar solvents . In this regard, heating generally improves solubility of phenolic compounds unless the high temperature causes degradation of the molecular structure …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Intermediate polarity solvents are more efficient in dissolving lignin compared to polar and non-polar solvents. 20 In this regard, heating generally improves solubility of phenolic compounds unless the high temperature causes degradation of the molecular structure. 34 Formic acid and ethanol treatments in lignin fractionation were compared to a simple alkaline isolation procedure using mild NaOH.…”

Section: Materials Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Insolubility is likely caused either by condensation or by physically or covalently attached carbohydrates in the lignin polymer . Several studies have been published on the solubility of technical lignins in different organic solvents and solvent combinations with respect to their solubility parameters. − Notable examples of solvent fractionation techniques for technical lignins are sequential-fractionation-based methods, such as the use of ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol, and acetone, acetic acid and water in different ratios, , and dichloromethane, n-propanol, methanol, and methanol-dichloromethane mixture . Solvent mixtures like acetone-methanol and tetrahydrofuran (THF)-methanol have also been used .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Fractionation of Technical Lignin from Enzymatically Treated Steam-Exploded Poplar Using Ethanol and Formic Acid

Maltari

Kontro

Koivu

et al. 2022

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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Lignocellulosic biorefineries produce lignin-rich side streams with high valorization potential concealed behind their recalcitrant structure. Valorization of these residues to chemicals, materials, and fuels increases the profitability of biorefineries. Fractionation is required to reduce the lignins' structural heterogeneity for further processing. We fractionated the technical biorefinery lignin received after steam explosion and saccharification processes. More homogeneous lignin fractions were produced with high β-O-4′ and aromatic content without residual carbohydrates. Non-toxic biodegradable organic solvents like ethanol and formic acid were used for fractionation and can be adapted to the existing biorefinery processes. Macromolecular properties of the isolated fractions were carefully characterized by structural, chemical, and thermal methods. The ethanol organosolv treatment produced highly soluble lignin with a reasonable yield, providing a uniform material for lignin applications. The organosolv fractionation with formic acid and combined ethanol-formic acid produced modified lignins that, based on thermal analysis, are promising as thermoresponsive materials.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Materials Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Fractionation of Technical Lignin from Enzymatically Treated Steam-Exploded Poplar Using Ethanol and Formic Acid

Maltari

Kontro

Koivu

et al. 2022

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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“…However, the solubility of lignin mainly depends on the types of anions present in ionic liquids. For example, anions such as [PF 4 ]and [BF 6 ]negatively affect the solubilization of lignin [56,57].…”

Section: Kraftmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent progress in sulfur-containing technical lignin-based polymer composites

Mukherjee¹,

Mukhopadhyay²

2023

Express Polym. Lett.

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The aromatic biopolymer lignin, present in lignocellulosic material, can act as an antioxidant and has antimicrobial and UV blocking properties due to the presence of aromatic ring and phenolic hydroxyl groups with aliphatic hydroxyl, carboxyl, methoxy groups. It is produced in huge amounts as a by-product during the delignification process in the paper and pulp industries. Lignin-based polymer composites with advantageous properties can fulfill the growing demand for lightweight polymer composites. Incorporating lignin as reinforcement in polymer composite can make it more environmentally friendly. Among four technical lignin, kraft lignin and lignosulfonate have a unique molecular structure that includes sulfur and can be extracted from black liquor and spent liquor, respectively. Moreover, the negatively charged sulfite groups in lignosulfonate can have an electrostatic attraction to a wide range of positively charged polymers and materials, making it an ideal additive for the adsorbent material. The main intention of this review is to increase the knowledge on the use of cheap and widely available kraft lignin and lignosulfonate as reinforcement in polymer composites and to find the shortcomings to advance further research on the application of technical lignin. The article mainly focuses on advancements in kraft lignin and lignosulfonate polymer composites.

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“…The univalent copper salt (Cu(I)) can be stable in both aqueous and nonaqueous solutions. Since the aqueous solution of complexing extractant is highly corrosive to carbon steel and stainless steel, CuCl was selected as complexing extractant in this work, which is soluble in ethanolamine and stable in nonaqueous solution. , The method of complex extractive distillation using reversible chemical reaction to separate a mixture has not been reported in the literature before. This work applies this method to facilitate the separation of butane and butene.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Data Determination and Process of Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium of Butane–Butene System by Complex Extractive Distillation Using Salt

Cao

Luan

et al. 2022

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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The refined utilization of various parts of hybrid residual C4 has received increasing attention, but the mixed C4 is difficult to separate due to complex components and close boiling points. This paper proposes an innovative separation method using complex extractive distillation by adding cuprous chloride ethanolamine (C2H7NO–CuCl) into the conventional extractant, as a complexing agent. The vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) data were measured for six different systems, namely, the mixed C4–dimethylformamide (DMF) system and the mixed C4–DMF–C2H7NO–CuCl system, the mixed C4–acetonitrile (ACN) system and the mixed C4–ACN–C2H7NO–CuCl system, and the mixed C4–methyl–ethyl ketone (MEK) system and the mixed C4–MEK–C2H7NO–CuCl system. Results showed that the relative volatility of butane–butene solution was significantly increased with the addition of the complexing agent systems. After careful consideration of various influencing factors, the mixed C4–MEK–C2H7NO–CuCl system was selected as the best extraction separation system, and technological experiments were carried out to further explore its feasibility and advanced nature. Results showed that when the solvent-to-feed ratio (S/F) was 12.5, the reflux ratio of extractive distillation column (R 1) was 1.5, and the reflux ratio of solvent recovery column (R 2) was 2.5, the purity of butene was more than 97.0%, and the separation yield was more than 95.0%. Furthermore, the solvent-to-feed ratio of complex extractive distillation was only 70% of ordinary extractive distillation, the reflux ratio was only 60% of ordinary extractive distillation, and the stripping temperature of the complex extractive distillation column was only about 423.15 K, which was lower than that of the ordinary extractive distillation column.

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Liquid–liquid extraction technology for resource recovery: Applications, potential, and perspectives

Cited by 36 publications

References 170 publications

Fractionation of Technical Lignin from Enzymatically Treated Steam-Exploded Poplar Using Ethanol and Formic Acid

Fractionation of Technical Lignin from Enzymatically Treated Steam-Exploded Poplar Using Ethanol and Formic Acid

Recent progress in sulfur-containing technical lignin-based polymer composites

Data Determination and Process of Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium of Butane–Butene System by Complex Extractive Distillation Using Salt

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