Liquid lipase‐catalyzed hydrolysis of gac oil for fatty acid production: Optimization using response surface methodology

Abstract

Fatty acids are valuable products because they have wide industrial applications in the manufacture of detergents, cosmetics, food, and various biomedical applications. In enzyme‐catalyzed hydrolysis, the use of immobilized lipase results in high production cost. To address this problem, Eversa Transform lipase, a new and low‐cost liquid lipase formulation, was used for the first time in oil hydrolysis with gac oil as a triglyceride source in this study. Response surface methodology was employed to optimize the reaction conditions and establish a reliable mathematical model for predicting hydrolysis yield. A maximal yield of 94.16% was obtained at a water‐to‐oil molar ratio of 12.79:1, reaction temperature of 38.9 °C, enzyme loading of 13.88%, and reaction time of 8.41 h. Under this optimal reaction condition, Eversa Transform lipase could be reused for up to eight cycles without significant loss in enzyme activity. This study indicates that the use of liquid Eversa Transform lipase in enzyme‐catalyzed oil hydrolysis could be a promising and cheap method of fatty acid production. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2018

Novozym 435: the “perfect” lipase immobilized biocatalyst?

“…42 The heterogeneity of the natural substrate [43][44][45][46][47][48] has converted lipases in enzymes with a very broad specificity, accepting substrates very different from glycerides (even amides). Thus, lipases are used in vitro to catalyze reactions different from those of the natural hydrolase function, [49][50][51][52][53][54] such as esterification, [55][56][57][58][59][60][61] acidolysis, [62][63][64][65][66][67] interesterificaton, [68][69][70][71] transesterification, [72][73][74][75][76] aminolysis, [77][78][79][80][81] perhydrolysis, 82,83 etc., together with a collection of the so-called promiscuous reactions. [84][85][86][87][88]...…”

“…As previously stated, the natural substrates of lipases are glycerides. [49][50][51][52][53][54] These molecules have low solubility in water, therefore they form insoluble drops, where the lipase must act. For this purpose, lipases have a peculiar mechanism of action, called interfacial activation, which permits lipases to become adsorbed on the hydrophobic surface of the glyceride drops and act in the interface (this is why lipases are called "interfacial enzymes").…”

“…However, the in vitro oil hydrolysis capability of lipases has some applications such as in the production of free fatty acids. 42,[49][50][51][52][53][54] Thus, the hydrolysis of waste cooking oil under solventfree conditions was performed using N435 under ultrasound irradiation to produce free fatty acids. 401 After 2 h, a yield of 75.19% was obtained.…”

Enhancing Astaxanthin Biosynthesis by Rhodosporidium toruloides Mutants and Optimization of Medium Compositions Using Response Surface Methodology

“…where Y is the astaxanthin yield (µg/L); X 1 is the peptone concentration (g/L); X 2 is the malt extract concentration (g/L); X 3 is the glucose concentration (g/L); β 0 is the intercept coefficient; β 1 -β 3 are the linear coefficients; β 11 , β 22 , and β 33 are the quadratic coefficients; and β 12 , β 13 , and β 23 are the interaction coefficients. These model coefficients were determined using the least-squares method [31].…”

“…The experimental design, an analysis of variance (ANOVA), and regression analysis were also conducted using Minitab 16 (Minitab Inc., State College, PA, USA). The established model was subsequently applied to examine the combined effect of the input variables and determine the optimal medium compositions for maximizing astaxanthin yield by solving the regression equation [31]. The survival rate of R. toruloides cells was calculated as follows [8]:…”