Liquid chromatography–electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry for the determination of nine selected benzodiazepines in human plasma and oral fluid

Quintela, Óscar; Cruz, Angelines; Castro, Ana de; Concheiro, Marta; López-Rivadulla, Manuel

doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.12.038

Cited by 59 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 40 publications

(36 reference statements)

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“…For example, oral fl uid concentrations of amphetamines, cocaine, and some opioids are similar or higher than those in plasma, and oral-fl uid concentrations of THC, the active ingredient in cannabis, are very similar to levels tested in blood. The validity and the reliability of using oral fl uids to detect the presence of illicit drugs is based on recent use as confi rmed by comparison with blood and/or urine by a number of studies (Laloup et al, 2005;Niedbala et al, 2001;Quintela et al, 2005;Samyn and van Haeren, 2000;Schepers et al, 2003;Toennes et al, 2005;Verstraete, 2004;Wylie et al, 2005).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Markers of Drug Use in the Club Setting

Miller

Furr‐Holden

Johnson

et al. 2009

J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs

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ABSTRACT. Objective: The prevalence of drug and alcohol use among patrons of clubs featuring electronic music dance events was determined by using biological assays at entrance and exit. Method: Using a portal methodology that randomly selects groups of patrons on arrival at clubs, oral assays for determining level and type of drug use and level of alcohol use were obtained anonymously. Patrons provided self-reported data on their personal characteristics. A total of 362 patrons were interviewed at entrance and provided oral assay data, and 277 provided data at both entrance and exit. Results: Overall, one quarter of all patrons surveyed at entrance were positive for some type of drug use. Based on our exit sample, one quarter of the sample was positive at exit. Individual drugs most prevalent at entrance or exit included cocaine, marijuana, and amphetamines/stimulants. Only the amphetamine/stimulant category increased signifi cantly from entrance to exit. Drug-using patrons arrive at the club already using drugs; few patrons arrive with no drug use and leave with detectable levels of drug use. Clubs vary widely in drug-user prevalence at entrance and exit, suggesting that both events and club policies and practices may attract different types of patrons. Approximately one half of the total entrance sample arrived with detectable alcohol use, and nearly one fi fth arrived with an estimated blood alcohol concentration of .08 or greater. Based on our exit sample data, one third of patrons were intoxicated, and slightly less than one fi fth were using both drugs and alcohol at exit. Clubs attract a wide array of emerging adults, with both genders and all ethnicities well represented. Clubs also attract emerging adults who are not in college and who are working full time. Conclusions: At clubs featuring electronic music dance events, drug use and/or high levels of alcohol use were detected using biological assays from patrons at entrance and exit from the clubs. Thus, these clubs present a potentially important location for prevention strategies designed to reduce the risks associated with drug and alcohol use for young people. Combined substance use may prove particularly important for prevention efforts designed to increase safety at clubs. Personal characteristics do not identify drug users, suggesting that environmental strategies for club safety may offer more promise for promoting health and safety. (J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs 70: [261][262][263][264][265][266][267][268] 2009)

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Markers of Drug Use in the Club Setting

Miller

Furr‐Holden

Johnson

et al. 2009

J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs

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“…27,29,30 which are used for the determination of low therapeutic doses of benzodiazepines in human whole blood and plasma. According to the LODs from the literature shown in Table 3, our assay using the described Bond Elut Certify method of choice allows the detection and quantitation of flunitrazepam, nitrazepam, clonazepam, and alprazolam at subtherapeutic and toxic levels.…”

Section: Compoundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…21 Another advantage is that one gets higher sensitivity (LOD) than other published studies using specific and sensitive detectors such as mass spectrometry. 25,[27][28][29][30]32 The combination of gas chromatography detectors presented here offers several possibilities for the routine analysis of benzodiazepines because they are compounds containing nitrogen atoms that can be located with the NPD and m-ECD for the presence the electronegative groups. Tables 1 and 2 show linearity, signal to noise ratio (S/N), relative standard deviation (RSD), limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), and solid-phase extraction efficiency in whole blood and human plasma with dual detection, m-ECD, and NPD of each drug.…”

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confidence: 99%

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A GC-NPD/micro-ECD METHOD USING DUAL COLUMN FOR THE DETERMINATION OF BENZODIAZEPINE IN HUMAN WHOLE BLOOD AND PLASMA

Bravo

Lobos

Venegas³

et al. 2010

J. Chil. Chem. Soc.

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Four benzodiazepines flunitrazepam, nitrazepam, clonazepam, and alprazolam, have been analyzed from biological matrices by dual column gas chromatography using a nitrogen-phosphorus detector (NPD) and a micro-electron capture detector (m-ECD). The recoveries of the four benzodiazepines spiked into human whole blood and plasma were 88.8 -97.9 and 90.7 -97.5%, respectively. The regression equations for the four benzodiazepines showed excellent linearity. The detection limits (LODs) were 0.14 -0.95 ng/mL for whole blood and 0.13 -0.93 ng/mL for plasma. The method is simple and sensitive for the determination of benzodiazepines in human whole blood and plasma, and may be useful in forensic science practice.

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“…Since the salivary drug concentration correlates with the free, pharmacologically active concentration of drugs in plasma, for certain drugs the concentration in oral fluid may reflect drug effects better than the total plasma concentration. 18,19 However, methods applicable to the simultaneous determination of these compounds in two-component tablet formulations or in biological samples where patients used them concurrently are few. 20,21 To avoid laborious solvent extraction techniques, complexity and unavailability of other techniques solid-phase extraction has been employed for sample preparation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous Determination of 1,4‐Benzodiazepines and Tricyclic Antidepressants in Saliva after Sequential SPE Elution by the Same HPLC Conditions

Uddin

Samanidou

Papadoyannis

2011

J Chinese Chemical Soc

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A new method has been described to determine both benzodiazepines (six) and tricyclic antidepressants (four) simultaneously in saliva by HPLC with a UV detector set at 240 nm using cholchicine as the internal standard. A careful specific sequential solid-phase elution was optimized and performed to elute benzodiazepines using a mixture of methanol-acetonitrile (1:1 v/v) followed by the elution of tricyclic antidepressants with methanol. Separation of the compounds was performed on a Kromasil column (250 × 4 mm, 5 µm) by a gradient eluents consisting of 0.05 M CH 3 COONH 4 -acetonitrile-methanol (55:15:30 v/v/v). The results were linear for both benzodiazepines and tricyclic antidepressants up to 20 ng µL -1 with the correlation coefficients greater than 0.998. The sensitivity limits, LOD and LOQ were 0.08-0.34 ng µL -1 and 0.28-1.13 ng µL -1 , respectively. The method is simple, fast and reliable with good specificity and sensitivity, will be suitable for use in a clinical setting, where there is a concomitant use of 1,4-benzodiazepines and tricyclic antidepressants.

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Liquid chromatography–electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry for the determination of nine selected benzodiazepines in human plasma and oral fluid

Cited by 59 publications

References 40 publications

Biological Markers of Drug Use in the Club Setting

Biological Markers of Drug Use in the Club Setting

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A GC-NPD/micro-ECD METHOD USING DUAL COLUMN FOR THE DETERMINATION OF BENZODIAZEPINE IN HUMAN WHOLE BLOOD AND PLASMA

Simultaneous Determination of 1,4‐Benzodiazepines and Tricyclic Antidepressants in Saliva after Sequential SPE Elution by the Same HPLC Conditions

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