Liquid Biopsy is Instrumental for 3PM Dimensional Solutions in Cancer Management

Abstract

One in every four deaths is due to cancer in Europe. In view of its increasing incidence, cancer became the leading cause of death and disease burden in Denmark, France, the Netherlands, and the UK. Without essential improvements in cancer prevention, an additional 775,000 cases of annual incidence have been prognosed until 2040. Between 1995 and 2018, the direct costs of cancer doubled from EUR 52 billion to EUR 103 billion in Europe, and per capita health spending on cancer increased by 86% from EUR 105 to EUR 195 in general, whereby Austria, Germany, Switzerland, Benelux, and France spend the most on cancer care compared to other European countries. In view of the consequent severe socio-economic burden on society, the paradigm change from a reactive to a predictive, preventive, and personalized medical approach in the overall cancer management is essential. Concepts of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (3PM) demonstrate a great potential to revise the above presented trends and to implement cost-effective healthcare that benefits the patient and society as a whole. At any stage, application of early and predictive diagnostics, targeted prevention, and personalization of medical services are basic pillars making 3PM particularly attractive for the patients as well as ethical and cost-effective healthcare. Optimal 3PM approach requires novel instruments such as well-designed liquid biopsy application. This review article highlights current achievements and details liquid biopsy approaches specifically in cancer management. 3PM-relevant expert recommendations are provided.

Carotenoids in Cancer Metastasis—Status Quo and Outlook

“…At the level of secondary prevention, cancer patients should undergo predictive diagnostics estimating individual metastatic potential. Recently prominent examples have been presented in the literature [ 164 , 170 , 171 ]. Various carotenoids, including β-carotene, lycopene, and retinoids and their receptors, can effectively fight against premalignant lesions in the role of secondary cancer prevention [ 172 , 173 , 174 , 175 ].…”

Mitochondriopathies as a Clue to Systemic Disorders—Analytical Tools and Mitigating Measures in Context of Predictive, Preventive, and Personalized (3P) Medicine

“…Corresponding analytical tools Application of specialized surveys [ 26 , 29 , 30 ] Broad application and comprehensive analysis of liquid biopsy [ 7 , 9 , 10 ] Individualized patient profiling and innovative screening programs focused on young populations [ 11 , 12 , 167 ] Risk assessment, predictive, and companion diagnostics [ 10 ] Multi-omics, multi-parametric analysis, and machine learning [ 171 , 172 , 173 ] …”

“…Liquid biopsy is a non-invasive or minimally-invasive, cost-effective, painless, precise, and real-time analysis of specific biomarkers obtained from non-solid tissues (biofluids), such as blood, urine, tears, and/or cerebrospinal fluid [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. In this review, we discuss the applicability of liquid biopsy to the overall management of mitochondriopathies and disorders known to be associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.…”

“…In this review, we discuss the applicability of liquid biopsy to the overall management of mitochondriopathies and disorders known to be associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Further, based on the accumulated knowledge on the pathomechanisms of mitochondrial injury, we exemplify health conditions that might be involved in the “vicious circle” of mitochondrial damage, which would allow the paradigm shift from reactive measures (treatment of clinically manifested pathologies) to the advanced concepts of predictive approach, targeted prevention, and the personalization of medical services [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ].…”

Combined Serum DKK3 and Circulating CD133 Cells as Prognostic Biomarkers for Ovarian Cancer Patients

“…Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are all kinds of tumor cells existing in peripheral blood. 4 Tumor cells invade the blood and lymphatic system, form CTCs, and are transported to the distal tissue. 5 The early detection of CTCs in the blood has significance in making prognostic judgments, evaluation of the curative effect, and individualized treatment.…”