Lipophilic toxicity from the marine dinoflagellate Karenia brevisulcata: use of the brevetoxin neuroblastoma assay to assess toxin presence and concentration

The toxic effects of three dinoflagellate species from the genusKareniaon invertebrate larvae and finfish

“…These toxins were shown to be toxic in mouse and cell-based models with KBTs being significantly more active than BSXs. Lipophilic extracts of K. brevisulcata were active in the mouse neuroblastoma cytotoxicity assay (Truman et al 2005;Truman 2007). However, the toxicities to marine organisms of K. brevisulcata and these compounds have not been established.…”

Toxic effects of three closely-related dinoflagellates, Karenia concordia, K. brevisulcata and K. mikimotoi (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae) on other microalgal species

“…The dry residue was rinsed three times in absolute methanol (final volume 2 ml) and the soluble fraction was transferred into a 10 ml vial. The resulting crude lipid extracts dissolved in methanol (2 ml) were stored at À20 8C for subsequent tests (Truman et al, 2005). Toxin extracted from 10 l each of K. concordia and K. brevisulcata contained approx.…”

Blooms of benthic dinoflagellates of the genus Ostreopsis; an increasing and ecologically important phenomenon on temperate reefs in New Zealand and worldwide

“…We know of no reports of such events on New Zealand reefs prior to 1998. Toxicological studies of the New Zealand strain of O. siamensis has confirmed the presence of a palytoxin analogue, with intraperitoneal injection of cell extracts killing mice (Rhodes et al, 2000) and cells being cytotoxic in neuroblastoma assays (Truman et al, 2005). Presently, the risk to human health through consumption of shellfish contaminated by O. siamensis is unknown and further research is necessary to ascertain the potential risks (Rhodes et al, 2002).…”