Lipophilic marine toxins discovered in the Bohai Sea using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry

Liu, Yang; Yu, Rencheng; Kong, Fan‐Zhou; Li, Chen; Dai, Lei; Chen, Zhen-Fan; Zhou, Mingjiang

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.073

Cited by 29 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…AZA2 and GYM have also been putatively detected in shellfish and phytoplankton in China [4,5], and GYM was widespread in shellfish of the SCS compared to other areas [3,20]. However, AZA2 and GYM have never been reported in marine sediment until this study.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 64%

“…The complexity of LMP compositions in the sediment of DYB indicates the biodiversity of toxigenic algae producing LMPs in this area (Table 1). Generally, OA, DTX1, and PTX2 are considered as the most frequent components of LMPs, with high levels in phytoplankton [4], seawater [6,23], SPM [8], and sediment [12]. In this study, OA, DTX1, and PTX2 were the main LMP components in the sediment of the DYB.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 69%

“…The YTX toxin components have not been reported in the surface sediment [8,12,13], while they have been extensively reported in YTX causative algae [23], phytoplankton [4], and shellfish [5]. Dinoflagellates Lingulodinium polyedrum , Protoceratium reticulatum , and Gonyaulax spinifera have been identified as producers of the YTX group [23] in the coastal waters of China.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the Asia-Pacific region, Azadinium poporum is the causative producer of AZAs with AZA2 being the predominant compounds [25]. In the BS and SCS, A. poporum was responsible for AZA2 and two AZA-related compounds in phytoplankton and seawater [4,23,26]. Therefore, the presence of AZA-2 in the sediment of DYB might arise from A. poporum .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently, extensive information for toxins in shellfish, toxic microalgae or phytoplankton has been provided in previous studies [2,3,4,5]. Generally, intracellular toxins in algae are regarded as a source of toxin accumulation in filter-feeding marine animals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sediment as a Potential Pool for Lipophilic Marine Phycotoxins with the Case Study of Daya Bay of China

Yang

Zhang

et al. 2019

Marine Drugs

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Marine sediments can reserve many environmental pollutants. Lipophilic marine phycotoxins (LMPs) are natural toxic substances widespread in the marine environment; however, evidence of their existence in sediment is scarce. In the present study, in order to explore the occurrence and distribution characteristics of LMPs in sediment, surface sediment samples collected from a tropical area of Daya Bay (DYB) at different seasons, were analyzed using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). According to the results, up to six toxin compounds were detected in sediment samples from DYB, OA and DTX1 had the highest levels, followed by PTX2, homo-YTX, AZA2, and GYM. Although AZA2 and GYM were found in most of the sediment, OA, DTX1, homo-YTX, and PTX2 were the predominant toxin compounds, and PTX2 was the most ubiquitous toxin in sediment. The spatial distribution of LMP components in the sediment fluctuated with sampling times, partially according to the physical–chemical parameters of the sediment. There are likely several sources for LMPs existing in surface sediments, but it is difficult to determine contributions of a specific toxin-source in the sediment. Therefore, marine sediments may be a toxin reservoir for LMPs accumulation in benthic organisms via food chains.

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