Lipogenesis in the Ruminant: in vitro Study of Tissue Sites, Carbon Source and Reducing Equivalent Generation for Fatty Acid Synthesis

Ingle, D. L.; Bauman, D. E.; Garrigus, U. S.

doi:10.1093/jn/102.5.609

Cited by 107 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…In in vitro studies, utilizing the adipose tissue of cattle and sheep at different ages and physiological stages, it was demonstrated that the addition of glucose to the acetate marked with C 14 increased the synthesis of fatty acids at more than four times in relation to the treatment without glucose (Ingle et al, 1972). Although glucose represents minimal contribution to the supply of carbon to the de novo synthesis of MCFA in the mammary gland of ruminants, it plays a fundamental role in the supply of reduction cofactors and glycerol (Ingle et al, 1972;Van Soest, 1994;Grummer, 2001).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Productive performance and efficiency of utilization of the diet components in dairy cows fed castor meal treated with calcium oxide

et al. 2012

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-The effect of replacing of 0; 0.33; 0.67 and 1.0 (kg/kg) of soybean meal (SBM) by undecorticated castor seed meal treated with calcium oxide (CMT -60 g/kg) was evaluated on performance and efficiency of nutrient utilization in dairy cows. Sixteen Holstein and crossbred cows were distributed in four 4 × 4 latin squares. Animals received concentrated feed at a ratio of 1 kg for 3 kg of milk produced, in the natural matter. The diets had the same amount of nitrogen (150.4 g crude protein/kg DM), containing 325.6 g of concentrated feed/kg DM. There was no effect on the serum concentration of transaminase and the animals showed no clinical symptoms of intoxication by ricin. The intake of DM, crude protein (CP) and non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) reduced from 0.67 replacement of SBM by CMT. The intake of neutral detergent fibers corrected for ash and protein (NDFap) increased from 0.33 replacement of SBM with CMT. Although the digestibility of dietary components decreased from 0.33 replacement, the intake of digestible components only reduced from 0.67 replacement. Because of the reduction of digestible energy, the synthesis of microbial CP and the utilization efficiency of rumen-degradable protein for the synthesis of microbial CP reduced with full replacement of SBM by CMT. Milk yield, milk composition, daily variation of body weight and the efficiency of utilization of the nutrients for the synthesis of N in milk reduced from 0.67 replacement of SBM by CMT. Castor seed meal treated with calcium oxide can replace up to 0.33 of SBM (50 g/kg DM diet DM) in the diet of dairy cows with an average milk production of 20 kg/day.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Productive performance and efficiency of utilization of the diet components in dairy cows fed castor meal treated with calcium oxide

et al. 2012

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“…NADPH is necessary for fatty acid synthesis as a reducing equivalent. Thus, we propose that MDH1 is involved in the citrate shuttle that produces two NADPH molecules per one cycle ( 44,45 ) and that the activity of MDH1 is modulated by Lys-118 acetylation during adipogenesis. The pentose phosphate pathway also generates NADPH from glucose in most species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acetylation of malate dehydrogenase 1 promotes adipogenic differentiation via activating its enzymatic activity

Kim

Kang

et al. 2012

Journal of Lipid Research

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This article is available online at http://www.jlr.org deacetylases (HDACs) and histone acetyltransferases are enzymes that catalyze deacetylation and acetylation of the -amino groups of lysine residues of proteins. Lysine acetylation was fi rst discovered to occur in histones, and histone acetylation is important in controlling the structure and function of chromatin ( 1 ). A large number of studies have further shown the existence of acetylated nonhistone proteins, including transcription factors, hormone receptors, signal transducers, and chaperones. The reversible acetylation of nonhistone proteins modulates a wide variety of key cellular processes, such as apoptosis, survival, and proliferation. Recently, several groups have reported that many metabolic enzymes are highly acetylated ( 2-5 ). Such enzymes are involved in glycolysis, fatty acid metabolism, gluconeogenesis, the TCA cycle, and the urea cycle, and the acetylation of these proteins regulates their activity so that they can respond to the metabolic demands of cells.Adipose tissue, which consists of loose connective tissue composed of adipocytes, is an important metabolic organ that functions in energy homeostasis ( 6 ). Adipocytes regulate physiologic processes, including glucose metabolism, angiogenesis, the infl ammatory response, and reproductive functions through secreted adipokines. Adipocyte differentiation can contribute to the development of obesity via a positive energy balance (energy intake > energy expenditure) ( 7 ). Obesity leads to serious health problems all over the world. The coexistence of obesity, type II diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, known as metabolic syndrome, constitutes an increased risk for the development of cardiovascular diseases ( 8 ). In adipocytes, fatty acids are stored as triglycerides, which serve as the fuel for maintaining energy balance. Acetyl-CoA is the direct precursor in the synthesis of fatty acids, and all fatty acid carbons come from the acetyl group of acetyl-CoA. In addition, it has Abstract Acetylation is one of the most crucial posttranslational modifi cations that affect protein function. Protein lysine acetylation is catalyzed by acetyltransferases, and acetyl-CoA functions as the source of the acetyl group. Additionally, acetyl-CoA plays critical roles in maintaining the balance between carbohydrate metabolism and fatty acid synthesis. Here, we sought to determine whether lysine acetylation is an important process for adipocyte differentiation. Based on an analysis of the acetylome during adipogenesis, various proteins displaying signifi cant quantitative changes were identifi ed by LC-MS/MS. Of these identifi ed proteins, we focused on malate dehydrogenase 1 (MDH1). The acetylation level of MDH1 was increased up to 6-fold at the late stage of adipogenesis. Moreover, overexpression of MDH1 in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes induced a signifi cant increase in the number of cells undergoing adipogenesis. The introduction of mutations to putative lysine acetylation sites showed a signifi cant loss ...

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“…In ruminants, the gastrointestinal tract and liver contribute only 8% of whole-body FA synthesis (Ingle et al 1972). Fatty acids mobilized from adipose tissue are the primary sources of hepatic TG (Emery et al 1992;Bruss 1993;Grummer 1993).…”

Section: Hepatic Lipidosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors affecting dry matter intake prepartum in relationship to etiology of peripartum lipid-related metabolic disorders: A review

Hayırlı¹,

Grummer

2004

Can. J. Anim. Sci.

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Hayirli, A. and Grummer, R. R. 2004. Factors affecting dry matter intake prepartum in relationship to etiology of peripartum lipid-related metabolic disorders: A review. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 84: 337-347. Transition from gestation to lactation is a tremendous challenge for dairy cattle and requires metabolic and hormonal adjustments. The periparturient period, particularly the last week of gestation, is characterized by a dramatic decline (20 to 40%) in dry matter intake (DMI) prior to parturition and a slow rate of increase in DMI after parturition. As a result of negative energy balance during the periparturient period, excessive fat mobilization in adipose tissue and inability of disposing fatty acids (FA) via β-oxidation and exporting triglyceride (TG) as very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) in the liver cause hepatic lipidosis. Controlling hepatic lipidosis, therefore, depends on either limiting non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) uptake by the liver or increasing oxidation of FA and export of TG by the liver, or both. Results of studies regarding lipid metabolism in the liver to minimize lipidosis are controversial. Thus, until factor(s) limiting hepatic VLDL-TG export are identified, limiting fat mobilization from adipose tissue will play a key role in prevention of hepatic lipidosis and ketosis. Depression in DMI prior to parturition shifts metabolism from anabolism to catabolism. Animal factors such as parity and body condition score and dietary factors such as density of organic nutrients influence DMI. Particularly, increasing energy density of the transition cow diet, without causing acidosis, by supplemental nonstructural carbohydrate (NFC) increases DMI and serum insulin concentration, which suppress lipolysis in adipose tissue and favors anabolic status. In summary, level of DMI and magnitude of DMI depression prior to parturition are linked to the etiology of postpartum lipid-related metabolic disorders. Thus, easing transition from gestation to lactation by offering high dietary NFC in consideration with other factors allows cows to produce more milk, become healthier, and be rebred sooner during postpartum.Key words: Periparturient dairy cattle, dry matter intake, hepatic lipidosis, ketosis Hayirli, A. et Grummer, R. R. 2004. Paramètres affectant l'ingestion de matière sèche avant le vêlage et leurs liens avec l'é-tiologie des troubles peripartum du métabolisme des lipides. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 84: 337-347. Le passage de la gestation à la lactation est une dure épreuve pour les vaches laitières et exige certains ajustements métaboliques et hormonaux. La période entourant la mise bas, en particulier la dernière semaine de gestation, se caractérise par une chute draconienne (de 20 à 40 %) de l'ingestion de matière sèche (IMS) suivie par la lente remontée de cette dernière après le vêlage. À cause du bilan énergétique négatif survenant peu avant la mise bas, une mobilisation excessive des graisses dans les tissus adipeux et l'incapacité d'éliminer les acides gras par β-oxydation et d'exporter les trigly...

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Lipogenesis in the Ruminant: in vitro Study of Tissue Sites, Carbon Source and Reducing Equivalent Generation for Fatty Acid Synthesis

Cited by 107 publications

References 24 publications

Productive performance and efficiency of utilization of the diet components in dairy cows fed castor meal treated with calcium oxide

Productive performance and efficiency of utilization of the diet components in dairy cows fed castor meal treated with calcium oxide

Acetylation of malate dehydrogenase 1 promotes adipogenic differentiation via activating its enzymatic activity

Factors affecting dry matter intake prepartum in relationship to etiology of peripartum lipid-related metabolic disorders: A review

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