Lipids from attenuated and virulent Babesia bovis strains induce differential TLR2-mediated macrophage activation

A flow cytometric assessment of the lymphocyte immunophenotypes in dogs naturally infected with Babesia rossi

“…Besides the altered immune status reported in babesiosis, additional characteristics of the disease include abnormal perfusion and tissue hypoxia, which have major implications for the functional capacity of every organ and system in the body (34 The lipid composition of these two different B. bovis strains showed quantitative differences that could be the explanation for the distinct inflammatory response generated by each strain (68). These lipids are also recognised by toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, and therefore demonstrate the ability to function as relevant antigens (68).…”

“…These lipids are also recognised by toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, and therefore demonstrate the ability to function as relevant antigens (68).…”

“…Through a TLR-2 dependent pathway, the lipids from an attenuated B. bovis strain were able to generate a strong inflammatory response, which resulted in the control of acute infection and host survival (68 T lymphocytes also contribute to parasite elimination through cytokine secretion, macrophage activation and direction of the humoral immunity (76,77).…”

Lipids From Trypanosoma cruzi Amastigotes of RA and K98 Strains Generate a Pro-inflammatory Response via TLR2/6

“…Macrophages initiate the innate immune response by recognizing pathogens through pattern recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Besides, there are growing evidences that point to a modulatory role of lipids from diverse microorganisms in the innate immune response and different members of the TLR family, particularly TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, and TLR6, have been implicated in cell surface recognition of lipids and lipid containing molecules (Roach and Schorey, 2002 ; Akira and Takeda, 2004 ; Quesniaux et al, 2004 ; Gimenez et al, 2010 , 2016 ; Kawai and Akira, 2011 ). Specifically, TLR2 recognizes a wide variety of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and forms heterodimers with TLR1 or TLR6 to discriminate between different molecular structures (Akira et al, 2006 ; Lee et al, 2012 ).…”

Downregulation of Hepatic Cytochrome P450 3A in Mice Infected with Babesia microti

“…Carvalho et al has speculated that toll-like receptor (TLR) and NFκB may be involved in repression of these CYPs after malaria infection. In Babesia infection, it has been more recently reported that lipids from B. bovis induce TLR2-mediated release of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and interleukin-6 (IL-6) from activated macrophages [11]. IL-6 is also one of the proinflammatory cytokines that downregulate hepatic CYP3A [19].…”