Lipidomic Analysis: From Archaea to Mammals

Abstract

Lipids are among the most important organic compounds found in all living cells, from primitive archaebacteria to flowering plants or mammalian cells. They form part of cell walls and constitute cell storage material. Their biosynthesis and metabolism play key roles in faraway topics such as biofuel production (third-generation biofuels produced by microorganisms, e.g. algae) and human diseases such as adrenoleukodystrophy, Zellweger syndrome, or Refsum disease. Current lipidomic analysis requires fast and accurate processing of samples and especially their characterization. Because the number of possible lipids and, more specifically, molecular species of lipids is of the order of hundreds to thousands, it is necessary to process huge amounts of data in a short time. There are two basic approaches to lipidomic analysis: shotgun and liquid chromatography-mass spectometry. Both methods have their pros and cons. This review deals with lipidomics not according to the type of ionization or the lipid classes analyzed but according to the types of samples (organisms) under study. Thus, it is divided into lipidomic analysis of archaebacteria, bacteria, yeast, fungi, algae, plants, and animals.

Proteome and Lipidome of Plant Cell Membranes during Development

“…Like the majority of "omic" disciplines, lipidomics exploits high-technology and maximally automated methods of extraction, separation, and analysis of lipids together with bioinformatic processing of the results. Different kinds of liquid chromatography, followed by mass-spectrometry with different ionization techniques, are usually applied [11][12][13][14]. Most lipids are not high-molecular weight substances, being hydrophobic or amphiphilic, easily soluble in nonpolar solvents.…”

“…They are products of carboanionic condensation of thioesters (fatty acid derivatives and polyketides) and/or those of carbocationic polymerization of isoprene (terpenoids including steroids) [11,15]. Lipidome of the eukaryotic cell numbers from hundreds to thousands of individual lipids building the cell membranes and accumulating in the storage structures [14]. Despite a wide diversity of the current information, our knowledge of the changes in the lipid profiles in the course of development and in stress situations is still inadequate.…”

“…The trait of a plant lipidome is the almost absolute absence of plasmalogens-GPL, whose first position of glycerol is occupied, instead of the fatty acid residue, by the residue of alcohol with long aliphatic chain, which is linked with simple ether bound. Plasmalogens are widespread in animals, both invertebrate and vertebrate, including humans [14].…”

Engineering the metabolic pathways of lipid biosynthesis to develop robust microalgal strains for biodiesel production

“…It provides the structural and functional overview of the cellular lipids especially in response to some stress conditions. It also helps in the examination of lipid molecules interact with other cellular metabolites . Targeted lipidomic analysis of N .…”

Activation of G-protein-coupled receptors is thermodynamically linked to lipid solvation

“…Lipid composition is highly differentiated among different cell types (Řezanka et al, 2018;Pradas et al, 2018), between the membranes within a single cell (Doralicia et al, 2019), and even between the leaflets of a single membrane (Lorent et al, 2020). These distinct lipid environments are known to influence the function of membrane proteins such as G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) (Periole, 2017) -transmembrane proteins that comprise the largest class of proteins in the human genome and are important drug targets (Katritch et al, 2013).…”