Lipid Deposition in Various Sites of the Skeletal Muscles and Liver Exhibits a Positive Correlation with Visceral Fat Accumulation in Middle-aged Japanese Men with Metabolic Syndrome

Taira, Shinichiro; Shimabukuro, Michio; Higa, Moritake; Yabiku, Kouichi; Kozuka, Chisayo; Ueda, Rei; Sunagawa, Sumito; Ohshiro, Yuzuru; Doi, Mototsugu; Nanba, Toyotaka; Kawamoto, Eriko; Nakayama, Yoshiro; Nakamura, Hideaki; Iha, Takako; Nakachi, Sawako; Tomoyose, Takeaki; Ikema, Tomomi; Yamakawa, Ken; Masuzaki, Hiroaki

doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.52.0521

Cited by 25 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Very few studies have examined the correlation between fat in different body compartments and between ectopic fat and fat in liver. In one study of 105 middle‐age Japanese men with MS, VFA measured by CT scan correlated with CT HU of muscles and liver, but there were no correlations between CT HU of liver and CT HU of skeletal muscles . In our study, we found a significant correlation between VFA and fat in liver and muscles.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 63%

“…Fat can also be deposited in ectopic areas. Many studies have shown that fat in visceral compartment and ectopic sites—notably muscles—plays a more prominent role in the development of NAFLD and metabolic syndrome (MS) as well as cancers than fat in the subcutaneous tissues. Studies in Japan and Korea found that visceral fat and intramuscular adipose tissue was associated with hepatic fibrosis and NASH in patients with NAFLD …”

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confidence: 99%

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Fat Accumulation, Liver Fibrosis, and Metabolic Abnormalities in Chinese Patients With Moderate/Severe Versus Mild Hepatic Steatosis

et al. 2019

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Several drugs in development for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) aim to decrease the amount of fat in the liver. We compared quantity and quality of fat in subcutaneous, visceral and muscle compartments, liver fibrosis, and prevalence of metabolic abnormalities between Chinese patients with moderate/severe hepatic steatosis versus those with mild hepatic steatosis. NAFLD patients were prospectively recruited from Peking University People's Hospital in Beijing, China. All patients had baseline body composition measurements using computed tomography and analytic morphomics, clinical evaluation, labs and Fibroscan® controlled attenuation parameter and liver stiffness measurement. Moderate/severe hepatic steatosis was defined as computed tomography liver attenuation of 40 Hounsfield units or less. Calorie intake and physical activity were based on self‐report. A total of 160 NAFLD patients were included (46% men, median age 47 years): 50% had normal body mass index (BMI), 24% were diabetic, and 56% had metabolic syndrome (MS). Fifty‐three (33%) had moderate/severe steatosis, of whom 19 (35.8%) had normal BMI, and the rest had mild steatosis. Patients who had moderate/severe steatosis had significantly higher BMI, waist circumference, aminotransferases, controlled attenuation parameter, liver stiffness measurement, and prevalence of MS compared to those with mild steatosis. They also had larger visceral fat area, subcutaneous fat area, and low density dorsal muscle area. In addition, their calorie intake was higher and time spent on recreation activities was shorter. Conclusion: NAFLD patients with moderate/severe steatosis, including those with normal BMI, had higher prevalence of MS and more fat in visceral, subcutaneous, and muscle compartments than those with mild steatosis. They also had more advanced liver disease. Strategies to decrease hepatic fat may benefit both liver and metabolic diseases.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 63%

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confidence: 99%

Fat Accumulation, Liver Fibrosis, and Metabolic Abnormalities in Chinese Patients With Moderate/Severe Versus Mild Hepatic Steatosis

et al. 2019

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“…In addition, in patients with metabolic syndrome, visceral fat accumulation is accompanied by excess lipid deposition in skeletal muscle, which may contribute to impaired glucose uptake leading to insulin resistance [24]. Improved skeletal muscle functions (including metabolic system) through exercise may contribute to the prevention of MetS [25].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of lower limb muscle mass and energy expenditure with visceral fat mass in healthy men

Yagi

Kadota

Aihara

et al. 2014

Diabetol Metab Syndr

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BackgroundA high-calorie diet and physical inactivity, an imbalance between caloric intake and energy consumption, are major causes of metabolic syndrome (MetS), which manifests as accumulation of visceral fat and insulin resistance. However, the lifestyle-related factors associated with visceral fat mass in healthy men are not fully understood.MethodsWe evaluated visceral fat area (VFA), skeletal muscle mass, caloric intake, and energy expenditure in 67 healthy male participants (mean age, 36.9 ± 8.8 years; body mass index 23.4 ± 2.5 kg/m2).ResultsMultiple regression analysis showed that the total skeletal muscle mass (P < 0.001) were negatively and age (P < 0.001) were positively associated with VFA. Lower limb muscle mass (P < 0.001) was strongly associated with VFA. However, total caloric intake, total energy expenditure, and energy expenditure during exercise were not associated with VFA.ConclusionsSkeletal muscle mass especially lower limb muscle mass negatively contributes to visceral fat mass in healthy men. Therefore, maintaining lower limb muscular fitness through daily activity may be a useful strategy for controlling visceral obesity and metabolic syndrome.

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“…The production of these metabolites tends to be greater in obese people with an insulin-resistant fat depot, especially when they consume diets rich in fat and carbohydrates; indeed, these metabolites are suspected to mediate many of the adverse effects of metabolic syndrome. [20][21][22][23] It is notable that MCFAs are incapable of giving rise to such metabolites. 1 2 A number of studies in rats or humans have found that, as contrasted with longchain fatty acids, diets featuring MCFAs are less likely to induce insulin resistance 24-27 -albeit a few studies conclude otherwise.…”

Section: Health Advantages Of Medium-chain Fatty Acidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lauric acid-rich medium-chain triglycerides can substitute for other oils in cooking applications and may have limited pathogenicity

McCarty

DiNicolantonio

2016

Open Heart

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Recently, medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) containing a large fraction of lauric acid (LA) (C12)—about 30%—have been introduced commercially for use in salad oils and in cooking applications. As compared to the long-chain fatty acids found in other cooking oils, the medium-chain fats in MCTs are far less likely to be stored in adipose tissue, do not give rise to ‘ectopic fat’ metabolites that promote insulin resistance and inflammation, and may be less likely to activate macrophages. When ingested, medium-chain fatty acids are rapidly oxidised in hepatic mitochondria; the resulting glut of acetyl-coenzyme A drives ketone body production and also provokes a thermogenic response. Hence, studies in animals and humans indicate that MCT ingestion is less obesogenic than comparable intakes of longer chain oils. Although LA tends to raise serum cholesterol, it has a more substantial impact on high density lipoprotein (HDL) than low density lipoprotein (LDL) in this regard, such that the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol decreases. LA constitutes about 50% of the fatty acid content of coconut oil; south Asian and Oceanic societies which use coconut oil as their primary source of dietary fat tend to be at low cardiovascular risk. Since ketone bodies can exert neuroprotective effects, the moderate ketosis induced by regular MCT ingestion may have neuroprotective potential. As compared to traditional MCTs featuring C6–C10, laurate-rich MCTs are more feasible for use in moderate-temperature frying and tend to produce a lower but more sustained pattern of blood ketone elevation owing to the more gradual hepatic oxidation of ingested laurate.

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Lipid Deposition in Various Sites of the Skeletal Muscles and Liver Exhibits a Positive Correlation with Visceral Fat Accumulation in Middle-aged Japanese Men with Metabolic Syndrome

Cited by 25 publications

References 26 publications

Fat Accumulation, Liver Fibrosis, and Metabolic Abnormalities in Chinese Patients With Moderate/Severe Versus Mild Hepatic Steatosis

Fat Accumulation, Liver Fibrosis, and Metabolic Abnormalities in Chinese Patients With Moderate/Severe Versus Mild Hepatic Steatosis

Association of lower limb muscle mass and energy expenditure with visceral fat mass in healthy men

Lauric acid-rich medium-chain triglycerides can substitute for other oils in cooking applications and may have limited pathogenicity

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