Lipid-Based Nanoparticles for Delivery of Vaccine Adjuvants and Antigens: Toward Multicomponent Vaccines

Abstract

Despite the many advances that have occurred in the field of vaccine adjuvants, there are still unmet needs that may enable the development of vaccines suitable for more challenging pathogens (e.g., HIV and tuberculosis) and for cancer vaccines. Liposomes have already been shown to be highly effective as adjuvant/delivery systems due to their versatility and likely will find further uses in this space. The broad potential of lipid-based delivery systems is highlighted by the recent approval of COVID-19 vaccines comprising lipid nanoparticles with encapsulated mRNA. This review provides an overview of the different approaches that can be evaluated for the design of lipid-based vaccine adjuvant/delivery systems for protein, carbohydrate, and nucleic acid-based antigens and how these strategies might be combined to develop multicomponent vaccines.

Mucosal immune responses to infection and vaccination in the respiratory tract

“…The adjuvants used in human vaccines are diverse and can trigger a range of innate and adaptive immune response types and intensities and, therefore, must be carefully tailored. Three classes of adjuvants are currently approved for use in humans and include aluminum salts (e.g., alum); oil-in-water emulsions, which often combine multiple adjuvant types (e.g., AS03, MF59); and lipid nanoparticles (LNPs; e.g., PEG-based LNP), which were recently approved for use in the Moderna (mRNA-1273) and Pfizer/BioNTech (BNT162b2) COVID-19 vaccines ( Chatzikleanthous et al., 2021 ; Hou et al., 2021 ; Teijaro and Farber, 2021 ). Much like traditional infection, these adjuvants engage innate PRRs to promote immune responses ( Figure 2 ).…”

Functionalization of Nanomaterials for Skin Cancer Theranostics

“…Liposomes are spherical vesicles with phospholipid bilayer membranes that are considered non-toxic and biodegradable carriers for the encapsulation and targeted administration of a variety of hydrophobic and hydrophilic medicinal substances ( Samad et al, 2007 ; Chatzikleanthous et al, 2021 ). Their substantial utility as a replacement in delivering the therapeutic moiety to the targeted location has been utilized to broaden the therapeutic profile of anti-cancer medications while reducing the occurrence of adverse events ( Jash et al, 2021 ).…”

COVID-19 Vaccines: Current Conditions and Future Prospects

“…The lipid based nanoparticles provide transport of the materials without causing toxicity, increasing the control of drug release, and the systems of delivery are compatible with different pH sensitivities [103]. Moreover, these lipid nanoparticles can be utilized in adjuvants for protein-based vaccines [104] These nanoparticles have been perceived as potentially promising drug carriers due to their structural and compositional benefits when compared to conventional formulas [105]. The widespread applications of SLNs have rapidly developed as a result of their numerous advantages, including targeted drug release, affordability, and enhanced stability of pharmaceutical products.…”