Lipid absorption in different segments of the gastrointestinal tract of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

Denstadli, V.; Vegusdal, Anne; Krogdahl, Åshild; Bakke-McKellep, Anne Marie; Berge, Gerd Marit; Holm, Halvor; Hillestad, Marie; Ruyter, Bente

doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.06.030

Cited by 49 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Fish are, however, poikilothermic organisms and at temperatures as low as 98C, as in the present study, the rate of lipid hydrolysis is generally slower than in warm-blooded mammals (23). Thus, the peak of absorption in the present study was~18 h after feeding, as reported previously in fish (24), whereas in a trial with rats the peak of 18:1(n-9) absorption was 5-6 h after feeding (25). The rate of absorption would also differ depending on whether the fatty acids were administered as oil emulsions, as in the rat study, or as constituents in a complete meal, as in the present study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

“…A slow response was also seen in a tracer study with Atlantic salmon fed gelatin-encapsulated 14 C-astaxanthin where the recovery peaked in peripheral blood 30 h after feeding (26). Nonesterified MCFA such as decanoic acid (10:0) is rapidly absorbed by more proximal intestinal regions (24) and also appear more quickly in portal blood compared to LCFA. This is in agreement with mammalian studies (27) and fits with the model proposed by Sheridan (28) for teleost fish.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Medium-Chain and Long-Chain Fatty Acids Have Different Postabsorptive Fates in Atlantic Salmon

Denstadli

Bakke

Berge

et al. 2011

The Journal of Nutrition

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An increasingly larger proportion of the oils used in diets for farmed fish are plant derived and rapeseed oil is most commonly used. Despite high dietary lipid levels and a marked change in lipid composition, the transport and metabolic fate of absorbed fatty acids is not fully understood in teleost fish. The main purpose of this study was to trace the postabsorptive metabolic fate of 2 fatty acids of different chain length: oleic acid [(3)H-18:1(n-9)], constituting 70% of fatty acids in rapeseed oil, and the medium-chain decanoic acid [(14)C-10:0], which does not require carrier molecules for membrane passage. The fatty acids and their metabolites were traced in portal and peripheral blood, liver, heart, skeletal muscle, and visceral adipose tissue at time intervals from 3 to 48 h after feeding. The portal vein was the primary transport route for both 10:0 and 18:1(n-9) from the intestine to the liver the first 6 h after feed intake. From 12 to 48 h, the peripheral route became increasingly more important. The study also indicates a possible direct transport route of fatty acids from the intestine to the surrounding viscera. Our data demonstrate that whereas 18:1(n-9) is primarily deposited as TG in skeletal muscle and visceral adipose tissue, 10:0 is used by the heart and skeletal muscle as a source for rapid energy production.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medium-Chain and Long-Chain Fatty Acids Have Different Postabsorptive Fates in Atlantic Salmon

Denstadli

Bakke

Berge

et al. 2011

The Journal of Nutrition

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“…1974; Kellogg 1975). The greatest concentration of lipid absorption occurs in the pyloric caeci, with significant amounts also absorbed in the mid‐intestine (Denstadli et al. 2004).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the nutritional demand for essential fatty acids by aquaculture species

Glencross¹

2009

Reviews in Aquaculture

576

478

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Essential fatty acids (EFA) remain one of the least well-understood and enigmatic nutrients in aquaculture nutrition. Of all dietary nutrients none has a greater direct impact on the composition of its consumer. Their importance stems not only to their impact on animal growth, but also to factors such as reproduction, immunity and product quality. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) has consistently been shown to provide the greatest EFA value to most species. However, the nutritional value of eicosapentaenoic (EPA; 20:5n-3) and arachidonic (ARA; 20:4n-6) acids has also been significantly greater than that exhibited by linolenic (LNA; 18:3n-3) and linoleic (LOA; 18:2n-6) acids. All five fatty acids have been shown to provide EFA value to most aquaculture species, although the optimal dietary inclusion levels and balance among the fatty-acid classes (n-3 and n-6) and fatty-acid chain lengths (18-C, 20-C or 22-C) vary among species. Environmental origin (freshwater, estuarine or marine) appears to be a primary factor influencing the difference in EFA requirements. The role that EFA play in osmoregulation clearly shows how these nutrients affect animals from different aquatic environments. The influence of EFA on growth also appears to be greatest in larval fish and crustaceans, possibly because of their reduced ability to digest and absorb lipids, but also because of a proportionally higher demand for EFA in the development of, in particular, neural tissues. Despite an abundance of research since the 1970s on the EFA requirements of aquaculture species there remains a need to better define the EFA requirements of most aquaculture species. Of all major aquaculture species only the penaeid shrimp has a comprehensively documented assessment of its nutritional requirements for EFA. The nutritional requirements for EFA in most fish species have not been comprehensively studied and those species that were fully examined in the 1970s and 1980s now need to be reassessed in light of recent changes to the use of high-nutrient-density diets that were not routinely used in either practice or research during that earlier period. In addition to changes in dietary specification strategies, declining dependence on marine-origin lipid sources in recent years has placed an increased imperative on understanding the dietary need for long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (lcPUFA). As aquaculture continues to grow there will be an increased use of alternative lipid resources, such as grain, algal and rendered oils, to provide dietary lipids. In addition to dietary dilution of natural EFA sources through the use of these raw materials, they will also bring new challenges, such as increased levels of n-6 and 18-C polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Introduction of these n-6 and PUFA fatty acids to the diet of aquaculture species will not only influence the nutritional demands of these animals, but will also affect their flesh quality characteristics by reducing their level of n-3 lcPUFA. This dilemma will demand an increased pri...

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“…The pyloric caeca of salmonid fish is the most important site of uptake of the products of lipid digestion including fatty acids and alcohols [9]. However, upon uptake into the enterocytes, and before they can be utilised in the intestine, absorbed fatty alcohols are oxidised to the corresponding fatty acid [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatty acid utilisation and metabolism in caecal enterocytes of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed dietary fish or copepod oil

Oxley

Tocher

Torstensen³

et al. 2005

Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biolog

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A combined fatty acid metabolism assay was employed to determine fatty acid uptake and relative utilisation in enterocytes isolated from the pyloric caeca of rainbow trout. In addition, the effect of a diet high in long-chain monoenoic fatty alcohols present as wax esters in oil derived from Calanus finmarchicus, compared to a standard fish oil diet, on caecal enterocyte fatty acid metabolism was investigated. The diets were fed for 8 weeks before caecal enterocytes from each dietary group were isolated and incubated with [1-14 C]fatty acids: 0, 18:1n-9, 18:2n-6, 18:3n-3, 20:1n-9, 20:4n-6, 20:5n-3, and 22:6n-3 Recovery of labelled 18:1n-9 in exported TAG was 3-fold greater than any other fatty acid which could be due to multiple esterification on the glycerol 'backbone' and/or increased export. Approximately 20-40% of fatty acids taken up were β-oxidised, and was highest with 20:4n-6. Oxidation of 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 was also surprisingly high, although 22:6n-3 oxidation was mainly attributed to retroconversion to 20:5n-3. Metabolic modification of fatty acids by elongation-desaturation was generally low at <10% of [1-14 C]fatty acid uptake.Dietary copepod oil had generally little effect on fatty acid metabolism in enterocytes, 3 although it stimulated the elongation and desaturation of 16:0 and elongation of 18:1n-9, with radioactivity recovered in longer n-9 monoenes. The monoenoic fatty acid, 20:1n-9, abundant in copepod oil as the homologous alcohol, was poorly utilised with 80% of uptake remaining unesterified in the enterocyte. However, the fatty acid composition of pyloric caeca was not influenced by dietary copepod oil.4

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Lipid absorption in different segments of the gastrointestinal tract of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

Cited by 49 publications

References 25 publications

Medium-Chain and Long-Chain Fatty Acids Have Different Postabsorptive Fates in Atlantic Salmon

Medium-Chain and Long-Chain Fatty Acids Have Different Postabsorptive Fates in Atlantic Salmon

Exploring the nutritional demand for essential fatty acids by aquaculture species

Fatty acid utilisation and metabolism in caecal enterocytes of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed dietary fish or copepod oil

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