Abstract:Purpose of reviewAs heart disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) cases continue to rise, identifying lifestyle modifications to prevent cardiometabolic disease (CMD) is urgently needed. Clinical evidence consistently shows that higher dietary or biomarker levels of linoleic acid (LA; 18:2n6) reduce metabolic syndrome (Mets) and reduce the risk for CMD. Yet, dietary recommendations to include LA as part of a lifestyle plan with the goal of preventing CMD remain elusive.Recent findingsClinical interventions… Show more
“…The results outlined that high intake of dietary LA and elevated concentrations of LA in the body were both significantly associated with a lower risk of T2DM, suggesting a possible protective factor of this FA [ 98 , 99 ]. Although these reports do not have a clear explanation yet, scientists hypothesized that LA and its metabolites act as agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) with net insulin-sensitizing, lipid-lowering and anti-inflammatory effects [ 100 ]. It should be noted, however, that high levels of LA may be the result of both a high dietary intake but also a possible low activity of Δ5 and Δ6 desaturase because of genetic variants of these enzymes, leaving uncertainty on the matter [ 101 ].…”
Massive changes have occurred in our diet. A growing consumption of vegetal oils rich in omega-6 (ω-6) and a depletion of omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acids (FAs) in our food has led to an imbalance between ω-3 and ω-6. In particular, eicosapentaenoic (EPA)/arachidonic acid (AA) ratio seems to be an indicator of this derangement, whose reduction is associated to the development of metabolic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus. Our aim was therefore to investigate the literature on the effects of ω-3 and ω-6 FAs on glucose metabolism. We discussed emerging evidence from pre-clinical studies and from clinical trials. Notably, conflicting results emerged. Source of ω-3, sample size, ethnicity, study duration and food cooking method may be responsible for the lack of univocal results. High EPA/AA ratio seems to be a promising indicator of better glycemic control and reduced inflammation. On the other hand, linoleic acid (LA) appears to be also associated to a minor incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, although it is still not clear if the outcome is related to a reduced production of AA or to its intrinsic effect. More data derived from multicenter, prospective randomized clinical trials are needed.
“…The results outlined that high intake of dietary LA and elevated concentrations of LA in the body were both significantly associated with a lower risk of T2DM, suggesting a possible protective factor of this FA [ 98 , 99 ]. Although these reports do not have a clear explanation yet, scientists hypothesized that LA and its metabolites act as agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) with net insulin-sensitizing, lipid-lowering and anti-inflammatory effects [ 100 ]. It should be noted, however, that high levels of LA may be the result of both a high dietary intake but also a possible low activity of Δ5 and Δ6 desaturase because of genetic variants of these enzymes, leaving uncertainty on the matter [ 101 ].…”
Massive changes have occurred in our diet. A growing consumption of vegetal oils rich in omega-6 (ω-6) and a depletion of omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acids (FAs) in our food has led to an imbalance between ω-3 and ω-6. In particular, eicosapentaenoic (EPA)/arachidonic acid (AA) ratio seems to be an indicator of this derangement, whose reduction is associated to the development of metabolic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus. Our aim was therefore to investigate the literature on the effects of ω-3 and ω-6 FAs on glucose metabolism. We discussed emerging evidence from pre-clinical studies and from clinical trials. Notably, conflicting results emerged. Source of ω-3, sample size, ethnicity, study duration and food cooking method may be responsible for the lack of univocal results. High EPA/AA ratio seems to be a promising indicator of better glycemic control and reduced inflammation. On the other hand, linoleic acid (LA) appears to be also associated to a minor incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, although it is still not clear if the outcome is related to a reduced production of AA or to its intrinsic effect. More data derived from multicenter, prospective randomized clinical trials are needed.
“…However, this hypothesis was not supported by randomized controlled feeding studies [ 111 ]. Epidemiologic studies provided little if any evidence that linoleic acid contributes to cardiovascular disease, cancer, or inflammation although where the inverse correlations may exist [ 112 , 113 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Oxidative Polymerization Of Linolenic Acid May Be Vital For ...mentioning
“…LA is a PUFA that has anti-tumor activity against cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD8+T) cells in vitro and in vivo and can be considered an enhancer of adoptive T cell therapy in cancer therapy [37]. LA also can improve insulin sensitivity, peripheral glucose uptake, insulin secretion, and pancreatic β−cell function; moreover, it can reduce inflammation and the risk of cardiometabolic disease [38,39]. As an essential fatty acid, OA has beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system by inhibiting calcium-activated chloride channel transmembrane protein 16A (TMEM16A) through an allosteric mechanism [40].…”
A rare medicinal fungus called Taiwanofungus camphoratus gives people resistance to illness. In order to effectively obtain high−quality T. camphoratus mycelia, we added Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) water extract (LWE), which was prepared using hot water and dry lemongrass leaves and methyl jasmonate (MJ) as an additive, in order to cultivate T. camphoratus mycelia. The components of LWE were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry as glucose (61.66%) and galactose (17.10%). Compare to the basal medium, 0.5–2.5 g·L−1 LWE and 5–25 μmol·L−1 MJ can enhance the proliferation of mycelia and the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Among them, the T. camphoratus mycelia growth rate increased to 1.292 ± 0.01 cm·d−1 and 1.285 ± 0.05 cm·d−1, improving by 2.5 g·L−1 LWE and 25 μmol·L−1 MJ, respectively. PUFAs are mainly composed of linoleic acid (LA) and oleic acid (OA). The contents of LA and OA were 0.28 ± 0.02 mg·g−1 and 0.23 ± 0.05 mg·g−1 after MJ treatment, while the contents of LA and OA were 0.08 ± 0.03 mg·g−1 and 0.05 ± 0.05 mg·g−1 after LWE treatment. Transcriptome analyses revealed that 367 and 232 genes within MJ and LWE treatment were significantly different from the basal medium. Out of 13 unigenes, FAD2−2, SCD, and FAD2−1 had the highest expression levels according to the quantitative RT−PCR result. The bioinformatics analysis showed that three genes are closely related to the M8 chromosome of T. camphoratus, and they are hydrophobic transmembrane proteins. The identification and investigation of fatty acid genes in T. camphoratus mycelia will be improved by our findings.
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