The Effects of Omega 3 and Omega 6 Fatty Acids on Glucose Metabolism: An Updated Review

Abstract

Massive changes have occurred in our diet. A growing consumption of vegetal oils rich in omega-6 (ω-6) and a depletion of omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acids (FAs) in our food has led to an imbalance between ω-3 and ω-6. In particular, eicosapentaenoic (EPA)/arachidonic acid (AA) ratio seems to be an indicator of this derangement, whose reduction is associated to the development of metabolic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus. Our aim was therefore to investigate the literature on the effects of ω-3 and ω-6 FAs on glucose metabolism. We discussed emerging evidence from pre-clinical studies and from clinical trials. Notably, conflicting results emerged. Source of ω-3, sample size, ethnicity, study duration and food cooking method may be responsible for the lack of univocal results. High EPA/AA ratio seems to be a promising indicator of better glycemic control and reduced inflammation. On the other hand, linoleic acid (LA) appears to be also associated to a minor incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, although it is still not clear if the outcome is related to a reduced production of AA or to its intrinsic effect. More data derived from multicenter, prospective randomized clinical trials are needed.

Changes in the consumption of isoflavones, omega-6, and omega-3 fatty acids in women with metastatic breast cancer adopting a whole-food, plant-based diet: post-hoc analysis of nutrient intake data from an 8-week randomized controlled trial

“…There has also been evidence relating n-6 and n-3 PUFAs intake to cardiometabolic outcomes ( 22 , 45 ), though there are inconsistent findings here as well, particularly because of observations that higher n-6 PUFA intake is associated with lower cardiovascular risks ( 46 ). Our dietary intervention, lower in n-6 PUFA and higher in n-3 PUFA, resulted in multiple cardiometabolic and hormonal improvements, including intentional weight loss without signs of disease progression, reduced total and LDL cholesterol, insulin resistance, free testosterone, and IGF-1 ( 26 ).…”

Immunomodulation through Nutrition Should Be a Key Trend in Type 2 Diabetes Treatment

“…Reliable sources of omega-3 fatty acids are fish, such as salmon, tuna, mackerel, anchovies, and sardines [262]. The recommended daily intake ranges from 250 to 500 mg per day and depends on gender and age [263]. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3-PUFAs), mediators of inflammation and adaptive immune responses, have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties [110,264].…”

Edible corn oil: A holistic exploration from processing to market dynamics

“…[62] Although omega-6 fatty acids are essential, an imbalance in the ratio with omega-3 fatty acids may contribute to inflammation and other health concerns. [63] The inflammatory effects of corn oil are considered debatable, and the available data from studies on omega 6 do not align with the notion that higher intake of this specific fatty acid is detrimental. [64] It was reported that high levels of corn oil significantly increased the longevity of aged mice compared to those on a normal diet.…”