“…Transpiration-driven sap flow in the xylem plays a key role in distributing nutrients and hormones, supplying water for photosynthesis, cooling, and maintaining turgor pressure and water balance. The precise measurement of this flow rate, which reflects the direct response of plants to biological or abiotic variable changes, is a prerequisite for investigating its underlying physiological mechanisms, which in turn leads to practical applications such as water resource management 1 , ecosystem modeling 2 , urban forest planning 3 , 4 , and phytoremediation 5 . In agricultural science, sap flow monitoring facilitates not only water use optimization 6 , 7 and auto-irrigation scheduling 8 , 9 but also disease detection 10 – 12 .…”