Linear-mode photon counting with the noiseless gain HgCdTe e-APD

Beck, Jeffrey; Scritchfield, Richard; Mitra, P.; Sullivan, William; Gleckler, Anthony D.; Strittmatter, Robert; Martin, Robert J.

doi:10.1117/12.886161

Cited by 15 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…These properties have to a large extension been confirmed by the first demonstrations of single photon detection with HgCdTe APD reported by DRS [26] and CEA/Leti [27], in particular concerning the high PDE and PNR capability. The Fig.…”

Section: Perspectives For Time Resolved High Sensitivity Detectionsupporting

confidence: 50%

HgCdTe APDS for space applications

Rothman

Broniol

Foubert

et al. 2017

International Conference on Space Optics — ICSO 2014

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Section: Perspectives For Time Resolved High Sensitivity Detectionsupporting

confidence: 50%

HgCdTe APDS for space applications

Rothman

Broniol

Foubert

et al. 2017

International Conference on Space Optics — ICSO 2014

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“…2 Comparing the data of Fig. 8 to the spot scan data to the spot scan data on the 2010 array [1] , it is obvious that the junctions in the 2010 are larger, approximately 31 µm, compared to the 25 µm estimated from spot scan data on the pixels shown in Fig. 8.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Figure 2. The arrays used DRS' High Density Vertically Integrated Photodiode (HDVIP®) architecture that is described in [1]: a front face illuminated p around n cylindrical homojunction diode structure that features low capacitance for high bandwidth, low defect density, and interdiffused CdTe surface passivation on both array surfaces for low dark current. The starting material is p-type, doped to ~ 8·10 15 to 1.6·10 16 cm -3 with either metal site vacancies, or vacancies plus copper, respectively.…”

Section: Avalanche Photodiode Design and Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 The term "Photon Detection Efficiency" is the single photon detection efficiency of the entire detector including the APD and the ROIC, and is explained in greater detail in Section IV.c.iii. The ROIC functionality is described in more detail in [1]. Briefly, each pixel in the ROIC has a direct analog output and a direct digital output, c.f.…”

Section: Avalanche Photodiode Design and Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 2011, DRS reported on linear mode photon counting (LMPC) e-APDs in a 2x8 pixel format array with photon counting sensitivity that showed robust photon counting performance using the MWIR HgCdTe e-APD [1,2]. In 2014 single photon, quantum limited, sensitivity was reported for a 4x4 e-APD sensor chip assembly [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Linear mode photon counting from visible to MWIR with HgCdTe avalanche photodiode focal plane arrays

Sullivan¹,

Beck²,

Scritchfield³

et al. 2015

SPIE Proceedings

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Results of characterization data on linear mode photon counting (LMPC) HgCdTe electroninitiated avalanche photodiode (e-APD) focal plane arrays (FPA) are presented that reveal an improved understanding and the growing maturity of the technology. The first successful 2x8 LMPC FPA was fabricated in 2010 [1]. Since then a process validation lot of 2x8 arrays was fabricated. Five arrays from this lot were characterized that replicated the previous 2x8 LMPC array performance. In addition, it was unambiguously verified that readout integrated circuit (ROIC) glow was responsible for most of the false event rate (FER) of the 2010 array. The application of a single layer metal blocking layer between the ROIC and the detector array and optimization of the ROIC biases reduced the FER by an order of magnitude. Photon detection efficiencies (PDEs) of greater than 50% were routinely demonstrated across 5 arrays, with one array reaching a PDE of 70%. High resolution pixel-surface spot scans were performed and the junction diameters of the diodes were measured. The junction diameter was decreased from 31 µm to 25 µm resulting in a 2x increase in E-APD gain from 470 on the 2010 array to 1100 on one of the 2013 FPAs. Mean single photon signal to noise ratios of >12 were demonstrated at excess noise factors of 1.2-1.3. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) performed measurements on the delivered FPA that verified the PDE and FER data.

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