Linear–long incisions with a small optical zone for the correction of astigmatism in older patients

Simple method for accurate alignment in toric phakic and aphakic intraocular lens implantation

“…18 Although this relationship is often approximated as linear in the literature, [19][20][21][22] equation 2 demonstrates that it is sinusoidal ( Figure 5). This relationship demonstrates that smaller deviations from the intended axis of alignment result in a proportionately greater loss of cylinder effect, which emphasizes the importance of accuracy in surgical alignment.…”

Long-term refractive stability following combined astigmatic keratotomy and phakoemulsification

“…For many years, cataract surgeons have used corneal relaxing incisions to reduce significant corneal astigmatism. A number of studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of modern techniques such as LRIs and astigmatic keratotomy [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16].…”

“…Several techniques have been developed to surgically reduce astigmatism. Horizontal and, later, arcuate corneal incisions were introduced to good effect and are now commonly termed astigmatic keratotomy [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. A variety of nomograms have been devised to assist in determining the length of corneal incisions during astigmatic keratotomy, depending on the degree of astigmatism and the age of the patient.…”

Toric intraocular lenses: Evidence‐based use

“…The surgically induced astigmatism of any incision in or near the cornea is proportional to its arc length and inversely proportional to its distance from the centre of the cornea. 56,57 Clear corneal incisions placed on the horizontal meridian (the widest corneal diameter in most eyes) are less astigmatically active than those on a more vertical meridian, given the limbus is an oval structure. 58 Scleral incisions are less active and longer incision at all sites are more active.…”