LiNbO3 single crystal growth by the continuous charging Czochralski method with Li/Nb ratio control

Subsolidus phase relations and the crystallization region of LiNbO3 in the system Li2O–B2O3–Nb2O5

“…To circumvent this difficulty, a continuous charging Czochralski method has been proposed by Kan et al. It was further modified by Kitamura et al [4,5] that led to the development of the double crucible Czochralski Method, by which a Ø 40 mm × (50-100) mm SLN with the lithium concentration 49.6-49.9 mol% has been successfully grown. Adding alkaline additives such as K 2 O or Cs 2 O into the melt were proved to be beneficial for SLN crystallizing [6][7][8][9][10][11][12].…”

Near-stoichiometric LiNbO3 single-crystal growth by metal strip-heated zone melting technique

“…In view of this problem, a double crucible CZ method [15] and a continuous charging CZ technique [16] have been developed successively. In these attempts, crystals have been grown from Li-rich (55-60 mol% Li 2 O) melt whose composition has been kept constant by continuously charging the material in proper amount and composition corresponding to the grown crystal.…”

“…Thereafter, the growth of SLN crystals has attracted a still increasing interest [7,10,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]. In 1990, several important advancements have been made [13,14] resulting in improvement of the composition of the obtained LiNbO 3 crystals in terms of much closer proximity to stoichiometry.…”

“…Melt growth embraces the conventional CZ technique [2,9], double crucible, or continuous charging CZ technique [15,16], floating zone method [17] and laser-heated pedestal growth (LHPG) [18]. Flux growth involves the K 2 O flux [20,21] and LiVO 3 flux [23][24][25][26] growth.…”

Growth of near stoichiometric LiNbO3 crystals by a modified zone melting method

“…used to obtain ns-LN or s-LN crystals, which include the conventional CZ technique, double crucible CZ technique, floating zone method, laser heated pedestal growth, the K 2 Ocontaining flux growth, the LiVO 3 -containing flux growth, and the vapor transport equilibration method [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. Unfortunately, each method more or less has its drawbacks or limits.…”