Linarin down-regulates phagocytosis, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and activation marker expression in RAW264.7 macrophages

Abstract

Plant-extracted flavonoid glycosides have been reported to be bioactive compounds with pleiotropic functions, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects. This study investigated the anti-inflammatory role of linarin (acacetin-7-rutinoside, which is found in (Gam-Guk) and (Gu-Jul-Cho)), on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Linarin treatments exhibited no cytotoxicity up to a concentration of 30 μM, as assessed by MTT assay. The production of nitric oxide, an inflammatory mediator, was decreased by addition of linarin. The secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1β and interleukin-6, was significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Linarin also decreased the phagocytic ability of macrophages following co-culture with fluorescent beads. In addition, expression levels of antigenpresenting surface markers, MHC II and CD80, were suppressed by linarin. Taken together, these results indicate that the flavonoid glycoside linarin has an anti-inflammatory effect, in part through the suppression of phagocytosis, cytokine production, and antigen presentation in macrophages.

In Vitro Evidence of Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Obesity Effects of Medium-Chain Fatty Acid-Diacylglycerols

“…Obese subjects are reported to be in an inflammationprone condition [14], which in turn worsens obesity, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance [15,16]. With respect to the contribution of obesity to inflammation, it was previously reported that infiltration of macrophages into white adipose tissues was increased in obese status [17], which further increased lipolysis.…”

Inhibitory Effects of Eriodictyol-7-O-β-d-glucuronide and 5,7-Dihydroxy-4-chromene Isolated from Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum in FcεRI-Mediated Human Basophilic KU812F Cell Activation

“…In recent years, many natural products have been discovered as new functional foods and drugs, and prescribed as traditional herbal medicine to treat various disorders [21]. CZL has been traditionally used for treating various diseases, such as pneumonia, bronchitis, cough, the common cold, pharyngitis, bladder-related disorders, gastroenteric disorders, and hypertension [13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. EDG and DC are components of dried CZL; there have been no studies on their inhibitory effects in IgE-mediated allergic reactions (Figure 1).…”

“…This plant has various pharmacological properties, including anticancer, oxidative, inflammatory, and hepatoprotective effects [13,14]. It is rich in flavonoids and contains linarin and acacetin, which exert protective effects against cancer and inflammation [15][16][17][18][19]. However, the effects of eriodictyol-7-O-β-D-glucuronide (EDG) and 5,7-dihydroxy-4-chromene (DC) isolated from CZL on allergic reactions have not been examined.…”

In vivo ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY AND ACUTE TOXICITY OF METHANOLIC EXTRACTS FROM WILD PLANT LEAVES AND CELL SUSPENSION CULTURES OF Buddleja cordata Kunth (Buddlejaceae)

“…Compared to the results obtained in present work, only Bc-Cc MeOH extract exhibited a similar effect to that of C. tenuiflora-isolated Vb at a similar dose. From minor SM previously identified in B. cordata (Estrada-Zúñiga et al, 2009), linarin has shown to down-regulate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α), Interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6, as well as the release of Nitric Oxide (NO), all of which are involved in acute inflammation process (Kim et al, 2016b), related to the mechanism of action through which TPA generate edema formation.…”