Limited number of patrilines in horse domestication

Lindgren, Gabriella; Backström, Niclas; Swinburne, June; Hellborg, Linda; Einarsson, Annika; Sandberg, K.; Cothran, Gus; Vilà, Carles; Binns, M. M.; Ellegren, Hans

doi:10.1038/ng1326

Cited by 135 publications

(140 citation statements)

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“…The mitochondrial genome sequences of the two ancient horses clustered within the extensive diversity present in modern horses, as previously reported (9,12,25). The Y-chromosome haplotype reconstructed for CGG10023 was distinct from those Y-chromosome haplotypes present in the modern horses, supporting previous hypotheses that domestication was associated with a significant loss of Y-chromosomal diversity (12,26).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 82%

Prehistoric genomes reveal the genetic foundation and cost of horse domestication

Schubert

Jónsson

Chang

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

272

281

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The domestication of the horse ∼5.5 kya and the emergence of mounted riding, chariotry, and cavalry dramatically transformed human civilization. However, the genetics underlying horse domestication are difficult to reconstruct, given the near extinction of wild horses. We therefore sequenced two ancient horse genomes from Taymyr, Russia (at 7.4-and 24.3-fold coverage), both predating the earliest archeological evidence of domestication. We compared these genomes with genomes of domesticated horses and the wild Przewalski's horse and found genetic structure within Eurasia in the Late Pleistocene, with the ancient population contributing significantly to the genetic variation of domesticated breeds. We furthermore identified a conservative set of 125 potential domestication targets using four complementary scans for genes that have undergone positive selection. One group of genes is involved in muscular and limb development, articular junctions, and the cardiac system, and may represent physiological adaptations to human utilization. A second group consists of genes with cognitive functions, including social behavior, learning capabilities, fear response, and agreeableness, which may have been key for taming horses. We also found that domestication is associated with inbreeding and an excess of deleterious mutations. This genetic load is in line with the "cost of domestication" hypothesis also reported for rice, tomatoes, and dogs, and it is generally attributed to the relaxation of purifying selection resulting from the strong demographic bottlenecks accompanying domestication. Our work demonstrates the power of ancient genomes to reconstruct the complex genetic changes that transformed wild animals into their domesticated forms, and the population context in which this process took place.ancient DNA | horse domestication | Przewalski's horse | positive selection | cost of domestication T he domestication of the horse had a far-reaching impact on the sociopolitical and economic trajectories of human societies (1). It not only provided meat and milk (2) but also enabled the development of continent-sized nomadic empires, by transforming warfare and allowing for the rapid spread of goods and information over long distances. However, despite the characterization of the genome of modern horses (3), an understanding of the genetic processes underlying horse domestication is still lacking. In other organisms, such an understanding is usually achieved by comparing the genomes of domesticated species and their wild relatives (4-6), but this approach is not directly applicable to horses. Recent genome-wide analyses have shown that Przewalski's horse, the last truly wild horse population remaining today, is not the direct ancestor of domesticated SignificanceThe domestication of the horse revolutionized warfare, trade, and the exchange of people and ideas. This at least 5,500-ylong process, which ultimately transformed wild horses into the hundreds of breeds living today, is difficult to reconstruct from archeological data...

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 82%

Prehistoric genomes reveal the genetic foundation and cost of horse domestication

Schubert

Jónsson

Chang

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

272

281

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“…Although the breed numbers .300,000 individuals worldwide, an exhaustive pedigree and microsatellite analysis revealed that one single founder stallion was responsible for 95% of the paternal lineages (Cunningham et al 2001). Also, only one Y chromosome lineage has been found in a large number of horse breeds (Lindgren et al 2004) whereas the mtDNA diversity is very large Jansen et al 2002). The narrow definition of dog breed standards in recent times (Crowley and Adelman 1998) and the increasing value of purebred dogs strictly fitting the definition (Cunliffe 1999) have led to a strong selective pressure in dogs that promotes this sex bias.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unequal Contribution of Sexes in the Origin of Dog Breeds

et al. 2006

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Dogs (Canis familiaris) were domesticated from the gray wolf (Canis lupus) at least 14,000 years ago, and there is evidence of dogs with phenotypes similar to those in modern breeds 4000 years ago. However, recent genetic analyses have suggested that modern dog breeds have a much more recent origin, probably ,200 years ago. To study the origin of contemporaneous breeds we combined the analysis of paternally inherited Y chromosome markers with maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA and biparentally inherited autosomal microsatellite markers in both domestic dogs and their wild ancestor, the gray wolf. Our results show a sex bias in the origin of breeds, with fewer males than females contributing genetically, which clearly differs from the breeding patterns in wild gray wolf populations where both sexes have similar contributions. Furthermore, a comparison of mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosome diversity in dog groups recognized by the World Canine Organization, as well as in groups defined by the breeds' genetic composition, shows that paternal lineages are more differentiated among groups than maternal lineages. This demonstrates a lower exchange of males than of females between breeds belonging to different groups, which illustrates how breed founders may have been chosen.

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“…Gene flow from wild populations can have important effects on patterns of genetic variation. Low Y chromosomal diversity in modern horses has been interpreted as the result of a single geographically restricted area of domestication (65), whereas the high diversity and low phylogeographic structure in mtDNA has been interpreted as support for multiple origins of domesticated horses (66,67). Using a spatially explicit forward simulation model, conditioned on autosomal genotype data using ABC (68), the Western Eurasian steppe has been identified as the most likely origin for modern horses, with a model of repeated introgression from local wild to domesticated horses offering the best fit to observed patterns of diversity.…”

Section: To What Extent Did Hybridization Between Domesticates and Localmentioning

confidence: 99%

Storytelling and story testing in domestication

Gerbault¹,

Allaby

Boivin

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The domestication of plants and animals marks one of the most significant transitions in human, and indeed global, history. Traditionally, study of the domestication process was the exclusive domain of archaeologists and agricultural scientists; today it is an increasingly multidisciplinary enterprise that has come to involve the skills of evolutionary biologists and geneticists. Although the application of new information sources and methodologies has dramatically transformed our ability to study and understand domestication, it has also generated increasingly large and complex datasets, the interpretation of which is not straightforward. In particular, challenges of equifinality, evolutionary variance, and emergence of unexpected or counter-intuitive patterns all face researchers attempting to infer past processes directly from patterns in data. We argue that explicit modeling approaches, drawing upon emerging methodologies in statistics and population genetics, provide a powerful means of addressing these limitations. Modeling also offers an approach to analyzing datasets that avoids conclusions steered by implicit biases, and makes possible the formal integration of different data types. Here we outline some of the modeling approaches most relevant to current problems in domestication research, and demonstrate the ways in which simulation modeling is beginning to reshape our understanding of the domestication process.T he emergence of agriculture beginning some 10,000 y ago marked more than a change in human patterns of subsistence. The beginnings of food production ushered in an era of radically new relationships between humans and other species, dramatic new evolutionary pressures, and fundamental transformations to the earth's biosphere. The evolutionary process of plant and animal domestication by humans led to morphological, physiological, behavioral, and genetic differentiation of a wide range of species from their wild progenitors (1, 2). The selection pressures that were placed on such species continue today, sometimes through direct genetic modification, and both the processes and their outcomes are accordingly of significant broader interest. Domestication is also part of a cultural evolutionary process (3, 4), and some human genes have evolved in response to cultural innovations (5-8), much as the genes of domesticated species have changed under the impact of human artificial selection. The study of domestication today is a multidisciplinary enterprise in which archaeologists and agricultural scientists have been joined by evolutionary biologists and population geneticists (2, 9).At least five major sets of questions tend to reoccur in the domestication literature. The first three are demographic: (i) When, where, and in how many geographic locations was a given species domesticated? (ii) What were the dispersal routes from the original domestication centers? (iii) To what extent did hybridization between domesticates and local wild relatives occur? The remaining questions relate to adaptation: (i...

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Limited number of patrilines in horse domestication

Cited by 135 publications

References 13 publications

Prehistoric genomes reveal the genetic foundation and cost of horse domestication

Prehistoric genomes reveal the genetic foundation and cost of horse domestication

Unequal Contribution of Sexes in the Origin of Dog Breeds

Storytelling and story testing in domestication

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