Limitations of MTT and CCK-8 assay for evaluation of graphene cytotoxicity

Abstract

Cellular toxicity test is a key step in assessing the graphene toxicity for its biomedical applications. In this study, we investigated the cytotoxicity of graphene with 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2Htetrazolium bromide (MTT) and tetrazolium-8-[2-(2-methoxy-4-nitrophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium] monosodium salt (CCK-8) assay on HepG2 cell line and Chang liver cell line. The cell viability data obtained by using MTT and CCK-8 assay showed inconsistent. Graphene induced adsorption, optical interferences, as well as electron transfer can prevent to appropriate evaluate graphene toxicity. Our findings demonstrated the importance of careful interpreting of obtained data from classical in vitro assays on assessment of graphene cytotoxicity. www.rsc.org/advances 53240 | RSC Adv., 2015, 5, 53240-53244 This journal is

Covalent Grafting Terbium Complex to Alginate Hydrogels and Their Application in Fe3+ and pH Sensing

“…[39] The viability of rat aortic endothelial cells (RAECs) of all the groups after being exposed to different concentration of Tb 3+ -Alg-TCPP aqueous dispersion exceeds 95% except that at the highest concentration of Tb 3+ -Alg-TCPP aqueous dispersion (1:2) the biological activity was 80% (Figure 5). To further confirm the cytotoxicity of Tb 3+ -Alg-TCPP hydrogel materials, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) was performed to assay cell viability.…”

“…To further confirm the cytotoxicity of Tb 3+ -Alg-TCPP hydrogel materials, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) was performed to assay cell viability. [39] The viability of rat aortic endothelial cells (RAECs) of all the groups after being exposed to different concentration of Tb 3+ -Alg-TCPP aqueous dispersion exceeds 95% except that at the highest concentration of Tb 3+ -Alg-TCPP aqueous dispersion (1:2) the biological activity was 80% (Figure 5). The MTT results confirmed that Tb 3+ -Alg-TCPP hydrogels had almost no toxicity, showing good biocompatibility.…”

General Cytotoxicity and Its Application in Nanomaterial Analysis

“…Jiao et al noted that CCK-8 molecules can be more significantly disturbed by graphene than by the MTT reagent. Additionally, optical properties of graphene may also result in the loss of light signals used for detection in assays in vitro [28].…”

Cytotoxicity of Shear Exfoliated Pnictogen (As, Sb, Bi) Nanosheets

“…Apart from studying the cytotoxic effects of pnictogens nanosheets, we also investigated and compared the cytotoxicity with pnictogen(III) salts to generate a deeper understanding of the nanosheets′ relative toxicities. Lastly, control studies were carried out in cell‐free conditions to determine possible materials‐induced interferences between pnictogens and their salts with cell viability assay markers, that could in turn result in false results to be generated …”

“…Lastly,control studies were carriedo ut in cell-free conditions to determine possible materials-induced interferences between pnictogens and their salts with cell viability assay markers, that could in turn result in false results to be generated. [37][38][39]…”