Lime Treatment of Explosives-Contaminated Soil from Munitions Plants and Firing Ranges

Davis, Jeffrey L.; Brooks, Michael C.; Larson, Steven L.; Nestler, Catherine C.; Felt, Deborah R.

doi:10.1080/15320380600959032

Cited by 23 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Solid-phase or precipitated materials from UXO were also found to be eventually degraded by the lime treatment. TNT and RDX were most prone to hydrolysis while HMX and TNT degradation products (i.e., 6-methyl-5-nitrobenzene-1,3-diamine and 4-methyl-3,5-dinitroaniline) were more recalcitrant and required a higher pH value of 12 for effective removal [48].…”

Section: Lime Treatment Of Explosives-contaminated Soilmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At a pH of 12, Bajpai et al [47] observed more than 95 % reduction in TNT concentration compared to 20 by 25 % reduction at pH 11. In addition, a higher treatment pH is required for the destruction of 2A-and 4A-DNT compared to TNT [48]. Thorn et al [49] proposed that the initial step in the alkaline hydrolysis of TNT was nucleophilic substitution of the nitro and methyl groups of TNT by hydroxide ions.…”

Section: Hydrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While the use of Fe 0 has been shown to be effective in transforming explosives in highly contaminated soils, this treatment can be costly and not practical for training facilities that encompass thousands of acres. Remedial techniques for training ranges must be inexpensive, easily applied to remote locations, and due to the possibility of UXO, environmentally non-intrusive [48]. The use of chemical amendments to increase the pH of the soil has been found to meet these objectives.…”

Section: Lime Treatment Of Explosives-contaminated Soilmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The use of chemical amendments to increase the pH of the soil has been found to meet these objectives. Based on previous observations that explosive compounds can be degraded under alkaline conditions [48,51,[389][390][391], 3 % lime mass fraction was sufficient to raise the soil pH value higher than 10 in a variety of test soils and drive alkaline hydrolysis of most HE common to training ranges. Solid-phase or precipitated materials from UXO were also found to be eventually degraded by the lime treatment.…”

Section: Lime Treatment Of Explosives-contaminated Soilmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Soils contaminated with explosives: Environmental fate and evaluation of state-of-the-art remediation processes (IUPAC Technical Report)

Kalderis

Juhasz

Boopathy

et al. 2011

Pure and Applied Chemistry

154

143

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An explosion occurs when a large amount of energy is suddenly released. This energy may come from an over-pressurized steam boiler, from the products of a chemical reaction involving explosive materials, or from a nuclear reaction that is uncontrolled. In order for an explosion to occur, there must be a local accumulation of energy at the site of the explosion, which is suddenly released. This release of energy can be dissipated as blast waves, propulsion of debris, or by the emission of thermal and ionizing radiation.Modern explosives or energetic materials are nitrogen-containing organic compounds with the potential for self-oxidation to small gaseous molecules (N 2 , H 2 O, and CO 2 ). Explosives are classified as primary or secondary based on their susceptibility of initiation. Primary explosives are highly susceptible to initiation and are often used to ignite secondary explosives, such as TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene), RDX (1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine), HMX (1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane), and tetryl (N-methyl-N-2,4,6-tetranitroaniline).

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Section: Lime Treatment Of Explosives-contaminated Soilmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hydrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Lime Treatment Of Explosives-contaminated Soilmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Lime Treatment Of Explosives-contaminated Soilmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Soils contaminated with explosives: Environmental fate and evaluation of state-of-the-art remediation processes (IUPAC Technical Report)

Kalderis

Juhasz

Boopathy

et al. 2011

Pure and Applied Chemistry

154

143

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…A significant background of data has now been established for the alkaline hydrolysis of nitroaromatic, nitramine and nitrate ester energetic compounds: Arienzo (1999), Balakrishnan et al (2003), Croce and Okamoto (1979), Davis et al (2006, Emmrich (1999Emmrich ( , 2001), Epstein and Winkler (1951), Felt et al (2001aand b, 2002), Garg et al (1991, Hansen et al (2001), Heilmann et al (1994), Heilmann et al, (1996), Hoffsomer and Rosen, (1973), Hoffsommer et al (1977), HSDB 2001, Huang et al (2005, 2006, Kayser andBurlinson 1988, Saupe et al (1997), Saupe and Wiesmann (1996), Wu, 2001. The nitroaromatic compounds degrade the most rapidly, however the half-life for both TNT and RDX at pH >10.5 in soil has been determined to be < 1 day.…”

Section: Base Hydrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

A Sustainable NATO/EU Partnership for the Future

Pfrengle¹

2008

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Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number.

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Biodegradation of high explosive production effluent containing RDX and HMX by denitrifying bacteria

Singh

Soni

Kumar

et al. 2008

World J Microbiol Biotechnol

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The biodegradation of high explosive production effluent containing RDX (royal demolition explosive) and HMX (high melting-point explosive) in the presence of denitrifying bacterial isolates was investigated. The effluent collected from HMX production plant containing acetic acid, ammonium nitrate and explosive residue with water and other organic nitro bodies was used. The diluted and neutralized effluent was subjected to biodegradation using Pseudomonas (HPB1) and two Bacillus (HPB2, HPB3) denitrifying bacterial isolates. Samples were analysed by HPLC for qualitative and quantitative analysis of remaining RDX and HMX. The results indicate that the HMX and RDX was biodegraded under denitrifying conditions. The isolate Pseudomonas (HPB1) was found to be an efficient biodegrading strain for HMX. However, the isolate Pseudomonas (HPB1) was found to have lower biodegradation activity for RDX as compared to the denitrifying strain Bacillus (HPB2). Denitrifying bacteria Bacillus (HPB2) was found to be the most efficient strain for the biodegradation of RDX and HMX containing effluent neutralized with sodium bicarbonate. The biotransformation activity for HMX and RDX was lower for the isolate Bacillus (HPB2) in the effluent neutralized with ammonia. Removal of nitrate from the effluent containing HMX and RDX by the three denitrifying bacteria was also studied. Denitrifying bacteria Pseudomonas (HPB1) showed the maximum nitrate reduction in the presence of both the neutralizing agents-sodium bicarbonate and ammonia.

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Lime Treatment of Explosives-Contaminated Soil from Munitions Plants and Firing Ranges

Cited by 23 publications

References 15 publications

Soils contaminated with explosives: Environmental fate and evaluation of state-of-the-art remediation processes (IUPAC Technical Report)

Soils contaminated with explosives: Environmental fate and evaluation of state-of-the-art remediation processes (IUPAC Technical Report)

A Sustainable NATO/EU Partnership for the Future

Biodegradation of high explosive production effluent containing RDX and HMX by denitrifying bacteria

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