Lignocellulose-Degrading Enzymes: A Biotechnology Platform for Ferulic Acid Production from Agro-Industrial Side Streams

Abstract

Biorefining by enzymatic hydrolysis (EH) of lignocellulosic waste material due to low costs and affordability has received enormous interest amongst scientists as a potential strategy suitable for the production of bioactive ingredients and chemicals. In this study, a sustainable and eco-friendly approach to extracting bound ferulic acid (FA) was demonstrated using single-step EH by a mixture of lignocellulose-degrading enzymes. For comparative purposes of the efficiency of EH, an online extraction and analysis technique using supercritical fluid extraction–supercritical fluid chromatography–mass spectrometry (SFE-SFC-MS) was performed. The experimental results demonstrated up to 369.3 mg 100 g−1 FA release from rye bran after 48 h EH with Viscozyme L. The EH of wheat and oat bran with Viscoferm for 48 h resulted in 255.1 and 33.5 mg 100 g−1 of FA, respectively. The release of FA from bran matrix using supercritical fluid extraction with carbon dioxide and ethanol as a co-solvent (SFE-CO2-EtOH) delivered up to 464.3 mg 100 g−1 of FA, though the extractability varied depending on the parameters used. The 10-fold and 30-fold scale-up experiments confirmed the applicability of EH as a bioprocessing method valid for the industrial scale. The highest yield of FA in both scale-up experiments was obtained from rye bran after 48 h of EH with Viscozyme L. In purified extracts, the absence of xylose, arabinose, and glucose as the final degradation products of lignocellulose was proven by high-performance liquid chromatography with refractive index detection (HPLC-RID). Up to 94.0% purity of FA was achieved by solid-phase extraction (SPE) using the polymeric reversed-phase Strata X column and 50% EtOH as the eluent.

Sprouting and Hydrolysis as Biotechnological Tools for Development of Nutraceutical Ingredients from Oat Grain and Hull

“…In general, phenolic compounds in cereals are integrated through ester and ether linkages in a three-dimensional structure of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, resulting in highly bound, low bioavailability characteristics [ 21 , 22 ]. The increased bioavailability of these compounds can be obtained by using cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzymes, which are capable of depolymerizing β-D-(1→4)-glucosidic and β-D-(1→4)-xylosidic bonds [ 23 ].…”

“…The use of enzymes has been described as an effective strategy to enhance the bioavailability of compounds associated with dietary fiber, increasing their solubilization. Different authors have applied hydrolysis with different enzymes to wheat bran (WB), aiming to increase the content of phenolic compounds [ 21 , 23 , 24 ]. Enzymatic hydrolysis is a feasible and sustainable strategy with high selectivity when compared to other methods [ 24 ].…”

Analysis of 18 Free Amino Acids in Honeybee and Bumblebee Honey from Eastern and Northern Europe and Central Asia Using HPLC-ESI-TQ-MS/MS Approach Bypassing Derivatization Step

“…Quantitative analysis of mono- and disaccharides ( Figure 3 ) in honey was accomplished on a “Waters Alliance” HPLC system (model No. e2695) coupled to a “2414 RI” detector and a “2998 column heater” (Waters Corporation, Milford, MA, USA) following the methodology described by Radenkovs et al [ 22 ]. Chromatographic separation was done on an Altima Amino (4.6 × 250 mm; 5 μm; Grace™, Columbia, MD, USA) column.…”

The Release of Non-Extractable Ferulic Acid from Cereal By-Products by Enzyme-Assisted Hydrolysis for Possible Utilization in Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles

“…Very recently, a more sustainable method of FA release was developed by Radenkovs et al [ 30 ] that allows up to 369.3 and 255.1 mg of FA release from 100 g −1 rye (RB) and wheat bran (WB) after 48 h of EH, respectively. The ability of cellulose-degrading enzymes (C-DE) to act synergistically on the dietary fiber of CB and to catalyze the cleavage of ester bonds between arabinoxylans and bioactives (FA specifically) in WB and RB was identified.…”