Lignin for energy applications – state of the art, life cycle, technoeconomic analysis and future trends

Abstract

Lignin, a complex aromatic polymer, is produced in large quantities as a by-product of the papermaking and biofuel industries. Lignin is renewable and recent literature has shown its increasing for...

Lignin Stabilization and Carbohydrate Nature in H‐transfer Reductive Catalytic Fractionation: The Role of Solvent Fractionation of Lignin Oil in Structural Profiling**

“…Mirroring previous works by Argyropoulos group, [72,73] demonstrating fractional precipitation as another effective solvent fractionation strategy for obtaining consistently homogeneous lignin streams from softwood Kraft lignins, the solvent fractionation of RCF lignin oil could also hold potential for commercial applications. In such an approach, the valorization of lignin is defined by the lignin stream fraction that provides the best properties for desired applications (e. g., to produce advanced materials) [74–76] . In this respect, the stabilization imparted by reductive processes preserves the structure of high‐MW lignin in a more native‐like architectural state.…”

“…In such an approach, the valorization of lignin is defined by the lignin stream fraction that provides the best properties for desired applications (e. g., to produce advanced materials). [ 74 , 75 , 76 ] In this respect, the stabilization imparted by reductive processes preserves the structure of high‐MW lignin in a more native‐like architectural state. For instance, the heaviest fraction (MeOH‐insoluble fraction, M w 16900 Da) presented an estimated total linkage count of 82±2 per 100 aromatic units.…”

Current approaches, emerging developments and functional prospects for lignin-based catalysts – a review

“…Numerous functionalization processes have been used to enhance the reactivity of lignin to develop novel bio-based materials. 1,53,61,73,120 In fact, the presence of hydroxyl, methoxyl, carbonyl, and carboxyl in lignin units increases the potential for functionalization to expand the accessibility and reactivity of these sites, allowing for new efficient and more reactive macromonomers. 21,68,74,121 Attractively, the aromatic character of lignin drives its use as a natural support and as a precursor to develop different types of bio-based catalysts.…”

Combined Catalysis: A Powerful Strategy for Engineering Multifunctional Sustainable Lignin-Based Materials

“…To meet the increasing demand for sustainable materials, we need approaches that promote the creation of tailor-made materials that have multifaceted functions and properties able to solve various challenges simultaneously without interference. Examples of tailor-made materials are, for instance, materials engineered to become thermoelectric, − conductive, , piezoelectric, , ferroelectric, adsorptive, − reversibly disintegrated, and chemically recyclable. − These types of materials will play a major role in a sustainable society, in particular, if these materials are engineered through green chemistry. , For instance, multifunctional materials that are durable, self-healing, antimicrobial, and adhesive would play a significant role in application and provide a plethora of solutions . We truly believe that materials with self-healing ability have the potential to revolutionize the application of materials in our daily life.…”

“…To meet the increasing demand for sustainable materials, we need approaches that promote the creation of tailor-made materials that have multifaceted functions and properties able to solve various challenges simultaneously without interference. Examples of tailor-made materials are, for instance, materials engineered to become thermoelectric, 25 − 27 conductive, 28 , 29 piezoelectric, 30 , 31 ferroelectric, 32 adsorptive, 33 − 35 reversibly disintegrated, and chemically recyclable. 36 − 40 These types of materials will play a major role in a sustainable society, in particular, if these materials are engineered through green chemistry.…”