Lignin-based activated carbon-supported metal oxide catalysts in lactic acid production from glucose

Microwave-induced controlled-isomerization during glucose conversion into lactic acid over a Sn-beta catalyst

“…3, 4 and Table 1, the less polar pyranose was found as the dominant tautomer with two stable chair conformations under microwave irradiation, consistent with the tautomeric composition of fructose measured at room temperature (Table S6†). 30 The dominance of the fructopyranose tautomers in water promotes the reverse-isomerization of fructose to glucose, 1,22,31 as suggested by the experimental results shown in Fig. 2(C) and S10 †.…”

“…Transformation of biomass into value-added chemicals, fuels, and materials is a promising approach for reducing our dependence on fossil resources. 1 As an important platform chemical, lactic acid (LA) is widely used in many fields, such as food, medicine, chemicals, cosmetics and materials. 2 Current synthetic methods of LA include carbohydrate fermentation and chemical pathways via heterogeneous catalysis using solid Lewis acids, metal oxides and solid bases as catalysts from various bio-feedstocks.…”

Lignin to value-added chemicals and advanced materials: extraction, degradation, and functionalization

“…Owing to their high specific surface area, high stability and abundant functional groups, lignin-based carbon materials are good catalyst supports. 227,228 Their functional groups play a role in capturing metal particles and inhibiting their leaching. 226 For example, lignin-based activated carbon-supported iron catalysts were prepared for catalyzing the dehydration of xylose to furfural.…”

“…In addition, lignin-based activated carbon-supported metal oxide catalysts were prepared via the modification of an activated carbon support with KNO 3 treatment and Sn, Al, and Cr chlorides. 228 The activated carbon support was prepared via the hydrolysis lignin by chemical activation with ZnCl 2 or physical activation using steam. In the catalytic conversion of glucose to lactic acid, the lignin-based activated carbon-supported metal oxide catalysts showed a high conversion of glucose (>94%).…”

“…In addition, the yield of lactic acid of this catalyst decreased within four cycles, which may be attributed to the deposition of carbonaceous by-products on the active sites and the leaching of aluminum oxides. 228…”