Lightweight 8‐bit S‐box and combined S‐box/S‐box<sup>−1</sup> for cryptographic applications

Rashidi, Bahram

doi:10.1002/cta.3041

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…A review of the existing literature on the subject shows several works where a study is conducted to detect and fix vulnerabilities using affine transformations [41], [42]. However, the works do not go beyond the correction of their proposed S-Boxes.…”

Section: A State Of the Artmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By applying this operation, up to 255 different S-Boxes can be obtained from the original. Since this operation is defined as an affine transformation [41], it is not expected to have negative effects on the cryptographic properties of the S-Box. Section III presents the results obtained by applying a cryptanalysis to the S-Boxes that are generated using this operation.…”

Section: B Operation 2: Bitwise Exclusive Logic Disjunction (Xor)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Method to Improve the Cryptographic Properties of S-Boxes

Aboytes-González,

Soubervielle-Montalvo,

Campos-Cantón

et al. 2023

IEEE Access

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This study presents a method based on elementary logic and arithmetic operations to enhance the cryptographic properties of Substitution Boxes (S-Boxes). S-Boxes are a crucial component of cryptosystems, as they apply the confusion principle to information before it is encrypted, making them vital for ensuring the security of sensitive information transmitted through insecure channels. The proposed method employs bitwise XOR, Modular Addition, and Circular Shift operations, which are applied to selected S-Boxes, resulting in numerous S-Box variants that have no fixed points or reverse fixed points. We found that some of these variants can increase nonlinearity when using modular addition or circular shift operations and are therefore more suitable for use in cryptosystems. Our study contributes to the understanding of how S-Boxes can be enhanced by elementary logic and arithmetic operations. We recommend using the proposed method with the bitwise XOR operation when the S-Box has high nonlinearity (112) but requires removing fixed points and reverse fixed points. Otherwise, first use modular addition or circular shift operations to increase nonlinearity.

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Section: A State Of the Artmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: B Operation 2: Bitwise Exclusive Logic Disjunction (Xor)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Method to Improve the Cryptographic Properties of S-Boxes

Aboytes-González,

Soubervielle-Montalvo,

Campos-Cantón

et al. 2023

IEEE Access

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“…But, for the hackers, decrypting the ciphertext is a challenging task. Therefore, more and more research focus on the S-Box to enhance security strength, as mentioned by [20], [21], and [22], which proposed different S-Box with reliable security but lower computational complexity compared to the one used in AES. However, AES is the standard of the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), as mentioned by [23].…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hardware Implementation of High-Throughput S-Box in AES for Information Security

et al. 2023

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The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is used for achieving quantum-resistant cryptography when a 256-bit key is applied. This paper presents a high-throughput, seven-stage hardware pipeline architecture for SubByte computations in the AES for information security applications. Composite field arithmetic-based calculations are employed for logic optimization. The proposed architecture includes dedicated multistage multiplication processes based on Galois field polynomials for constants, squaring, and variables; thus, the critical path of SubByte computations is shortened, and the maximum operating frequency is enhanced. The proposed architecture was synthesized using a TSMC 40-nm cell library, and the throughput of the proposed architecture (34.78 Gbps) was observed to be superior to that of an existing state-of-the-art architecture by 43.47%. Moreover, our architecture was noted to consume lower dynamic power for combinational logic circuits, indicating that the proposed architecture has greater computational logic optimization than existing designs. The proposed architecture is feasible for communication security applications in the Internet of Things systems because of its high throughput and area efficiency.INDEX TERMS AES, hardware, high-throughput, information security, S-box.NARN-YIH LEE received the Ph.D. degree in information engineering from the National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, in 1996. He is currently a Professor with the Computer and Network Center, National Cheng Kung University. His research interests include cryptography, blockchain, network security, post quantum cryptography, and chip security.

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“…Specifically, Rashidi [19] proposed a method to generate an S-box based on inversion and affine transformation, which exhibited better hardware implementation compared to the AES S-box with similar cryptographic properties. In 2023, in order to achieve a lower area and higher security for the inversion of the S-box in [19] over a finite field, Rashidi rewrote the original equation of inversion to optimize the S-box [20]. And Rashidi [21] also constructed two 8-bit S-boxes with lower hardware resources and lower critical path delay (CPD).…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel S-Box Generation Methodology Based on the Optimized GAN Model

Zhang,

Shu,

Wei

et al. 2023

Computers, Materials &Amp; Continua

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S-boxes can be the core component of block ciphers, and how to efficiently generate S-boxes with strong cryptographic properties appears to be an important task in the design of block ciphers. In this work, an optimized model based on the generative adversarial network (GAN) is proposed to generate 8-bit S-boxes. The central idea of this optimized model is to use loss function constraints for GAN. More specially, the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) S-box is used to construct the sample dataset via the affine equivalence property. Then, three models are respectively built and cross-trained to generate 8-bit S-boxes based on three extended frameworks of GAN, i.e., Deep Convolution Generative Adversarial Networks (DCGAN), Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Networks (WGAN), and Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Network with Gradient Penalty (WGAN-GP). Besides, an optimized model based on WGAN-GP referred to as WGP-IM is also proposed, which adds the loss function constraints to the generator network of the WGAN-GP model, including bijection loss, differential uniformity loss, and nonlinearity loss. In this case, 8-bit S-boxes can be generated with cross-training. Experimental results illustrate that the WGP-IM model can generate S-boxes with excellent cryptographic properties. In particular, the optimal differential uniformity of the generated S-boxes can be reduced to 8, and the nonlinearity can be up to 104. Compared with previous S-box generation methods, this new method is simpler and it can generate S-boxes with excellent cryptographic properties.

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Lightweight 8‐bit S‐box and combined S‐box/S‐box⁻¹ for cryptographic applications

Cited by 9 publications

References 29 publications

Method to Improve the Cryptographic Properties of S-Boxes

Method to Improve the Cryptographic Properties of S-Boxes

Hardware Implementation of High-Throughput S-Box in AES for Information Security

A Novel S-Box Generation Methodology Based on the Optimized GAN Model

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Lightweight 8‐bit S‐box and combined S‐box/S‐box−1 for cryptographic applications

Cited by 9 publications

References 29 publications

Method to Improve the Cryptographic Properties of S-Boxes

Method to Improve the Cryptographic Properties of S-Boxes

Hardware Implementation of High-Throughput S-Box in AES for Information Security

A Novel S-Box Generation Methodology Based on the Optimized GAN Model

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Product

Resources

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Lightweight 8‐bit S‐box and combined S‐box/S‐box⁻¹ for cryptographic applications