Light attenuation by the human eyelid

Ando, Kazuya; Kripke, Daniel F.

doi:10.1016/0006-3223(95)00109-3

Cited by 52 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…When subjects were asked for an internal evaluation to compare the use of the artificial dawn alarm clock with their normal alarm clock, by means of a 1 to 5 scale (1 = worse and 5 = better), 27% chose 5, 45% chose 4, 19% chose 3 (no difference), 6% chose 2, and 3% chose 1. Because the major part of the exposure to the natural dawn signal occurs while sleeping, with eyelids closed , an alternative (or complementary) mechanism by which dawn signals could exert an effect is due to the transmittance characteristics of the eyelids; only light of longer wavelengths is transmitted (Ando & Kripke, 1996;Moseley et al, 1988). During the past decade a new photoreceptor key in nonvisual responses called the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) was discovered Hattar et al, 2002).…”

Section: Effects Of Artificial Dawn On Sleep Inertia 1233mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Artificial Dawn on Subjective Ratings of Sleep Inertia and Dim Light Melatonin Onset

Giménez

Hessels²,

Werken³

et al. 2010

Chronobiology International

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Effects of artificial dawn on subjective ratings of sleep inertia and dim light melatonin onset Gimenez, Marina C.; Hessels, Martijn; van de Werken, Maan; de Vries, Bonnie; Beersma, Domien G. M.; Gordijn, Marijke C. M. Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. The timing of work and social requirements has a negative impact on performance and well-being of a significant proportion of the population in our modern society due to a phenomenon known as social jetlag. During workdays, in the early morning, late chronotypes, in particular, suffer from a combination of a nonoptimal circadian phase and sleep deprivation. Sleep inertia, a transient period of lowered arousal after awakening, therefore, becomes more severe. In the present home study, the authors tested whether the use of an alarm clock with artificial dawn could reduce complaints of sleep inertia in people having difficulties in waking up early. The authors also examined whether these improvements were accompanied by a shift in the melatonin rhythm. Two studies were performed: Study 1: three conditions (0, 50, and 250 lux) and Study 2: two conditions (0 lux and self-selected dawn-light intensity). Each condition lasted 2 weeks. In both studies, the use of the artificial dawn resulted in a significant reduction of sleep inertia complaints. However, no significant shift in the onset of melatonin was observed after 2 weeks of using the artificial dawn of 250 lux or 50 lux compared to the control condition. A multilevel analysis revealed that only the presence of the artificial dawn, rather than shift in the dim light melatonin onset or timing of sleep offset, is related to the observed reduction of sleep inertia complaints. Mechanisms other than shift of circadian rhythms are needed to explain the positive results on sleep inertia of waking up with a dawn signal. (Author correspondence: m.c.gimenez@rug.nl)

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Section: Effects Of Artificial Dawn On Sleep Inertia 1233mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Artificial Dawn on Subjective Ratings of Sleep Inertia and Dim Light Melatonin Onset

Giménez

Hessels²,

Werken³

et al. 2010

Chronobiology International

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“…It is controlled by process C and by other influences such as conscious decisions to wake up (or stay awake), or by such influences as pain. Since the course of process S is strictly linked to sleep-wake behavior, and since the phase angle of process C is controlled by light exposure of the retina, process S indirectly influences process C. Closed eyelids reduce light intensities falling on the retina by a factor of about 30, depending on wavelength [61], so sleep modifies retinal light input and, thereby, the phase of the circadian pacemaker. The use of curtains and electric lighting also contribute to the behavioral control over the circadian pacemaker.…”

Section: Interaction Between Process S and Process Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circadian control of the sleep–wake cycle

Beersma

Gordijn

2007

Physiology & Behavior

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It is beyond doubt that the timing of sleep is under control of the circadian pacemaker. Humans are a diurnal species; they sleep mostly at night, and they do so at approximately 24-h intervals. If they do not adhere to this general pattern, for instance when working night shifts or when travelling across time zones, they experience the stubborn influence of their circadian clock.In recent years much has been discovered about the organisation of the circadian clock. New photoreceptor cells in the retina have been found to influence the input to the clock, and much of the molecular machinery of the clock has been unravelled. It is now known that the circadian rhythm of sleep and wakefulness is only loosely coupled to the circadian rhythm of the pacemaker. New theories have been proposed for the functions of sleep and the sites at which those functions are executed. In spite of this rapid increase in knowledge of the circadian clock and of sleep regulatory processes, much remains to be discovered concerning the precise interaction between the biological clock and sleep timing. This is particularly unfortunate in view of the 24-h demands of our society for 7 days a week. Too little is known about the negative consequences of the societal pressures on well-being and performance.

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“…Toward this end, two techniques have been used to quantify the spectral transmission of the eyelid which include objective 3,4 and psychophysical 5 methods. The psychophysical method has the advantage of having a high degree of face validity for assessing the effects of eyelid closure on light perception.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%