Measuring and predicting eyelid spectral transmittance

Bierman, Andrew; Figueiro, Mariana G.; Rea, Mark S.

doi:10.1117/1.3593151

Cited by 45 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…16 The effect of ambient light on melatonin is likely further reduced during sleep, when eyelids are closed, as mean light transmittance across the human eyelid has been reported to be as low as 1%. 17 While high-intensity light exposure delivered across the eyelids by an over-eye mask has been shown to suppress serum melatonin levels and delay dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) in young adults, 18 these experimental conditions are not representative of the light exposures experienced by our study participants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

The effects of sleep and light at night on melatonin in adolescents

Hersh¹,

Sisti²,

Richiutti³

et al. 2015

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OBJECTIVE: The circadian hormone melatonin has wide-reaching effects on human physiology. In adolescents, the impact of nighttime light exposure and other modifiable behavioral factors on melatonin levels is poorly understood. DESIGN: We cross-sectionally examined the influence of nighttime behaviors on melatonin levels in 100 adolescents (average age: 15.7; 55 female, 45 male), who completed a self-administered questionnaire and provided a first morning urine sample to assay for urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) levels. We used mixed-effects regression models to test for differences in aMT6s levels by categories of covariates. RESULTS: Self-reported sleep duration, ambient light levels during sleep, and use of electronics after turning off lights did not significantly predict aMT6s levels. Compared to those who reported weekend bedtimes before 11pm, urinary aMT6s levels were significantly lower among participants reporting weekend bedtimes after midnight (52.5 vs. 38.0 ng/mg creatinine, Ptrend=0.007). Sleep interruption also appeared to be significantly associated with lower urinary aMT6s levels, but only if lights were turned on during sleep interruption (43.0 ng/mg creatinine for participants with sleep interruption but not turning lights on, vs. 24.6 ng/mg creatinine for participants reporting that they turned on the light when their sleep was interrupted Pdifference=0.032). CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that self-reported sleeprelated behaviors have little to no effect on adolescent circadian systems, though larger studies are needed to confirm our findings.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

The effects of sleep and light at night on melatonin in adolescents

Hersh¹,

Sisti²,

Richiutti³

et al. 2015

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“…For dayshift nurses the Daysimeter was always in the dark while they were asleep. For rotating shift nurses, however, the Daysimeter often recorded light while asleep that would not penetrate their closed eyelids and reach the retina (Bierman et al, 2011). For those cases, the light data were removed before analysis to better represent the actual retinal light exposure.…”

Section: Human and Mouse Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying light-dependent circadian disruption in humans and animal models

Rea

Figueiro

2014

Chronobiology International

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Although circadian disruption is an accepted term, little has been done to develop methods to quantify the degree of disruption or entrainment individual organisms actually exhibit in the field. A variety of behavioral, physiological and hormonal responses vary in amplitude over a 24-hour period and the degree to which these circadian rhythms are synchronized to the daily light-dark cycle can be quantified with a technique known as phasor analysis. Several studies have been carried out using phasor analysis in an attempt to measure circadian disruption exhibited by animals and by humans. To perform these studies, species-specific light measurement and light delivery technologies had to be developed based upon a fundamental understanding of circadian phototransduction mechanisms in the different species. When both nocturnal rodents and diurnal humans experienced different species-specific light-dark shift schedules, they showed, based upon phasor analysis of the light-dark and activity-rest patterns, similar levels of light-dependent circadian disruption. Indeed, both rodents and humans show monotonically increasing and quantitatively similar levels of light-dependent circadian disruption with increasing shift-nights per week. Thus, phasor analysis provides a method for quantifying circadian disruption in the field and in the laboratory as well as a bridge between ecological measurements of circadian entrainment in humans and parametric studies of circadian disruption in animal models, including nocturnal rodents.

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“…Recently Bierman et al (8) modeled the spectral transmittance of the human eyelid. Using predictions from their spectral transmittance model, Figueiro and Rea (9) used 527-nm (green) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to deliver 60 minutes (min) of continuous light to the eyelids of sleeping participants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individually tailored light intervention through closed eyelids to promote circadian alignment and sleep health

Figueiro

2015

Sleep Health

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Background Light is most effective at changing the timing of the circadian clock when applied close to the core body temperature minimum. The present study investigated, in a home setting, if individually tailored light treatment using flashing blue light delivered through closed eyelids during the early part of the sleep period delayed circadian phase and sleep in a population of healthy older adults and in those suffering from early awakening insomnia. Methods Twenty-eight participants (9 early awakening insomniacs) completed an 8-week, within-subjects study. Twice, participants collected data during two baseline weeks and one intervention week. During the intervention week, participants wore a flashing blue (active) or a flashing red (control) light mask during sleep. Light was expected to delay circadian phase. Saliva samples for dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) were collected at the end of each baseline and intervention week. Wrist actigraphy and Daysimeter, a calibrated light and activity meter, data were collected during the entire study. Results Compared to baseline, flashing blue light, but not flashing red light, significantly (p<0.05) delayed DLMO. The mean ± standard deviation phase shift (minutes) was 0:06 ± 0:30 for the flashing red light and 0:34 ± 0:30 for the flashing blue light. Compared to Day 1, sleep start times were significantly delayed (by approximately 46 minutes) at Day 7 after the flashing blue light. The light intervention did not affect sleep efficiency. Conclusions The present study demonstrated the feasibility of using light through closed eyelids during sleep for promoting circadian alignment and sleep health.

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Measuring and predicting eyelid spectral transmittance

Cited by 45 publications

References 16 publications

The effects of sleep and light at night on melatonin in adolescents

The effects of sleep and light at night on melatonin in adolescents

Quantifying light-dependent circadian disruption in humans and animal models

Individually tailored light intervention through closed eyelids to promote circadian alignment and sleep health

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