Light as an ecological factor and its measurement. II

Shirley, Hardy L.

doi:10.1007/bf02861142

Cited by 26 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 90 publications

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“…Arithmetic means are higher by amounts which vary irregularly (Table I) and are strongly influenced by the few sun-fleck values. In some more open forests (excluding the very open oak and pine heaths), 5-8'}'a of incident midday sunlight penetrates the tree stratum, in most closed forests 1-4%, in the denser cove forests 0.3-0.5 '}'a (d. Shirley 1945, Monsi and Saeki 1953, Whittaker 1963, Anderson 1964.…”

Section: Light and Cover Relationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Forest Dimensions and Production in the Great Smoky Mountains

Whittaker¹

1966

Ecology

222

139

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Samples based on stand measurements and borings of trees, and clippings of undergrowth, were taken from 24 forests and forest heaths in the Great Smoky Mountains. Samples were taken also from heath balds and grassy balds and a California coastal redwood forest. Available information on ratios and regressions of forest tree and shrub dimensions were used to estimate stand biomass and net annual production above ground. Mature climax forests of mesic environments below 1,400 m are characterized by: wood basal areas of 50—64 m2/ha and basal area increments of 0.3—0.6 m2/ha/yr, stem wood volumes (parabolic estimate) of 750—900 m3/ha and estimated wood volume increments of 530—590 cm3/m2/yr, aboveground biomasses of 500—610 t/ha and aboveground net annual productions of 1,000—1,200 g/m2, and biomass accumulation ratios of 40—50. These and other stand dimensions decrease along the moisture gradient to xeric sites and decrease toward higher elevations. Above—ground net annual productions of forest heaths of xeric slopes and forests of highest elevations are 420—650 g/m2. Evergreen spruce—fir forests are more productive than deciduous forests above 1,400 m. Among mesic high—elevation beech and fir forests, production is higher on south slopes than on north slopes. Production and biomass of steady—state forests were estimated from multiple correlations using elevation and weighted—average index of site moisture as independent variables. Apart from some high—elevation stands, production is not significantly correlated with evergreen vs. deciduous foliage or with direction of exposure affecting incident sunlight. When unstable stands are excluded, production and biomass are strongly correlated with each other and with mean tree height and other stand dimensions. A wide range of temperate—zone climax forests of relatively favorable environments have net annual productions above and below ground of 1,200—1,500 g/m2. Productions of stable closed heath balds are lower, 700—1,200 g/m2, but productions of heath balds and less productive forests overlap broadly. Production of unstable forests, both successional stands and those opened by removal of large trees, exceeds that of steady—state forests of similar environments. Canopy coverage and light penetration are not strongly correlated with forest production. Light penetration to the herb stratum ranges from 1.4—7.0% of incident sunlight in more open forests and forest heaths to 0.3—0.9% in cove forests. Foliage live/dry ratios decrease along the moisture gradient from mesic to xeric stands–from about 5.0 to 2.8 in shrub clippings, 7.6 to 2.8 in herb clippings. Undergrowth production and biomass are trivial compared with the tree stratum in many forests. Shrub production is generally higher in xeric environments and is 20—145% of tree production in forest heaths. Herb production is higher at the extremes of the moisture gradient (exceeding 3% of total aboveground production in mesic and in open xeric stands) than in intermediate stands (below 1%). Apart from such differences, her ...

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Section: Light and Cover Relationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Forest Dimensions and Production in the Great Smoky Mountains

Whittaker¹

1966

Ecology

222

139

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“…Environmental variables that can be measured at the microclimatic scale include temperature, light, wind speed and moisture; these can be critical for the ecology of organisms and, therefore, may provide meaningful indicators for their habitat selection and other activities. In seminal studies, Shirley (, ) emphasised that microclimate can be a determinant of ecological patterns in both plant and animal communities, and a driver of ecological processes via its influence on the growth and mortality of organisms. Relationships between microclimate and biological processes are complex and often non‐linear (Chen et al , ; Eyre et al , ; Gillingham et al , ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Local climate mediates spatial and temporal variation in carabid beetle communities in three forests in Mount Odaesan, Korea

Park

Kim

Jang

et al. 2016

Ecological Entomology

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1. Global environmental change can dramatically alter the composition of floral and faunal communities, and elucidating the mechanisms underlying this process is important for predicting its outcomes. Studies on global climate change have mostly focused on statistical summaries within wide spatial and temporal scales; less attention has been paid to variability in microclimates at narrower spatial and temporal scales. 2. The microclimate is the suite of climatic conditions measured in a local area. Environmental variables at the microclimatic scale can be critical for the ecology of organisms inhabiting each area. The effect of spatial and temporal changes in the microclimate on the ecology of carabid beetle communities in three sites on Mount Odaesan, Korea was examined. 3. Carabid beetle communities and quantified site‐specific environmental factors from measurements of air temperature, air humidity, light intensity and soil temperature over 5 years (2010–2015) were surveyed. 4. It was found that microclimatic variables and the patterns of temporal changes in carabid beetle communities differed between the three sites within the single mountain system. Microclimatic variables influencing temporal changes in beetle communities also differed between the sites. Therefore, it is suggested that variation in local microclimates affects spatial and temporal variation in carabid beetle communities at a local scale. 5. The present results demonstrate the importance of regular surveys of communities at local scales. Such surveys are expected to reveal an additional fraction of variation in communities and underlying processes that have been overlooked in studies of global community patterns and change.

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“…D eciduous tree canopies significantly alter the spectral composition and PPF of solar radiation available to plants in shade. PPF in the shade of fully leafed trees can be reduced to 1 to 5% full sunlight and this significantly affects plant growth and development (Shirley, 1945). Common cool‐season turfgrass species, such as Kentucky bluegrass ( Poa pratensis L.), perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne L.), and tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea Schreb.…”

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confidence: 99%

Tall Fescue Photomorphogenesis as Influenced by Changes in the Spectral Composition and Light Intensity

2005

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The influence of deciduous foliage shade on turfgrass development has not been fully investigated. Previous research neglects changes in spectral distribution, e.g., red:far‐red light (R:FR) ratios common of foliage shade. Turfgrass plants may respond simultaneously but in different ways to changes in light intensity and spectral composition. A field study was conducted in 2001–2002 at the Ohio Turfgrass Research and Educational Facility, Columbus, OH. Two tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) cultivars of differing shade tolerance were established under low photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) in approximately 8% of full sunlight with high (>1) and low (<1) R:FR ratios to distinguish between developmental effects of R:FR ratio (spectral composition) and PPF (light intensity) on turfgrass photomorphogenesis. Few morphological differences in shade tolerance between the two cultivars were observed during the 2‐yr study. However, under low PPF, high R:FR ratios led to increased tillering, leaf blade width and thickness, and chlorophyll contents. Root mass declined under reduced PPF regardless of R:FR ratio. Results suggest that while turfgrass photomorphogenesis in shade is influenced by changes in PPF, many characters are further influenced by changes in the R:FR ratio.

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Light as an ecological factor and its measurement. II

Cited by 26 publications

References 90 publications

Forest Dimensions and Production in the Great Smoky Mountains

Forest Dimensions and Production in the Great Smoky Mountains

Local climate mediates spatial and temporal variation in carabid beetle communities in three forests in Mount Odaesan, Korea

Tall Fescue Photomorphogenesis as Influenced by Changes in the Spectral Composition and Light Intensity

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