Acetic, oxalic, malic, and citric acids significantly inhibited the growth of Colletotrichurm, gloeosporioides, a phytopathogenic fungus, and acetic acid showed the strongest inhibition with no growth at 50 mM. The growth inhibition by these organic acids was closely related with the inhibition of respiration, as tested using three species, C. gloeosporioides, C. coccodes, and C. dermatium. Optimum growth of C. gloeosporioides was observed around pH 6.0. The inhibition of growth by acetic acid accelerated along with a decrease in pH from 6.0 to 4.0, suggesting that the inhibition might be more enhanced by undissociated form of acetic acid. Despite of growth inhibition by acetic acid, the fungus was able to grow in a normal medium when acetic acid was eliminated, implying that the growth inhibition may be resulted from an acetic acid-mediated inhibition of respiration than a structural damage of cell. Catalase activity of the fungus increased in response to 0.1% hydrogen peroxide, but addition of this together with 30 mM acetic acid brought about a decrease in the activity. The fungus which showed no grow at 30 mM acetic acid or 0.5% hydrogen peroxide began to grow after the elimination of these. But the fungus added simultaneously by these two compounds did not grow at all despite the elimination of these. Thus, controlling of Colletotrichum might be developed using acetic acid which is generally less dangerous than chemical reagents.
The evolutionarily conserved WRKY transcription factor (TF) regulates different aspects of gene expression in plants, and modulates growth, development, as well as biotic and abiotic stress responses. Therefore, understanding the details regarding WRKY TFs is very important. In this study, large-scale genomic analyses of the WRKY TF gene family from 43 plant species were conducted. The results of our study revealed that WRKY TFs could be grouped and specifically classified as those belonging to the monocot or dicot plant lineage. In this study, we identified several novel WRKY TFs. To our knowledge, this is the first report on a revised grouping system of the WRKY TF gene family in plants. The different forms of novel chimeric forms of WRKY TFs in the plant genome might play a crucial role in their evolution. Tissue-specific gene expression analyses in Glycine max and Phaseolus vulgaris showed that WRKY11-1, WRKY11-2 and WRKY11-3 were ubiquitously expressed in all tissue types, and WRKY15-2 was highly expressed in the stem, root, nodule and pod tissues in G. max and P. vulgaris.
A reproducible plant regeneration and an Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation protocol were developed for Perilla frutescens (perilla). The largest number of adventitious shoots were induced directly without an intervening callus phase from hypocotyl explants on MS medium supplemented with 3.0 mg/l 6-benzylaminopurine (BA). The effects of preculture and extent of cocultivation were examined by assaying beta-glucuronidase (GUS) activity in explants infected with A. tumefaciens strain EHA105 harboring the plasmid pIG121-Hm. The highest number of GUS-positive explants were obtained from hypocotyl explants cocultured for 3 days with Agrobacterium without precultivation. Transgenic perilla plants were regenerated and selected on MS basal medium supplemented with 3.0 mg/l BA, 125 mg/l kanamycin, and 500 mg/l carbenicillin. The transformants were confirmed by PCR of the neomycin phosphotransferase II gene and genomic Southern hybridization analysis of the hygromycin phosphotransferase gene. The frequency of transformation from hypocotyls was about 1.4%, and the transformants showed normal growth and sexual compatibility by producing progenies.
This study reported a low temperature polycrystalline silicon (LTPS) thin film transistor (TFT) fabrication process on plastic substrates for flexible display applications. Polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) films were formed by excimer laser annealing (ELA) method. It was found by ELA thermal simulation that there was around 70 on plastic surface during ELA crystallization process. The excimer laser irradiated film was analyzed by using various spectroscopic methods such as X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Dehydrogenation and activation processes were performed by a conventional LTPS method without causing any plastic substrate distortion. The fabricated poly-Si TFT on a flexible backplane shows a very good performance with field effect mobility of 95.3 cm 2 /Vs, on/off ratio current ratio > 10 8 , and threshold voltage of -1.6 V. Bending tests after a delamination process were also performed with TFT backplane samples. AMOLED panel Bending machineSID 11 DIGEST • 197 16.2 / M. Kim
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