“…Brian O'Regan and Micheal Grätzel founded the dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) in 1991 (Andualem & Demiss, 2018) due to the advantages of DSSC, including easy fabrication, low-cost, light, and affordable sources of renewable energy (Muhammad et al, 2020;Lokman et al, 2021;Sharif et al, 2022). The main components of the DSSC structure are a photoanode, sensitizer, redox-mediator, and counter electrode (CE).…”