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Polyaniline (PANI) is a famous conductive polymer, and it has received tremendous consideration from researchers in the field of nanotechnology for the improvement of sensors, optoelectronic devices, and photonic devices. PANI is doped easily by different acids and dopants because of its easy synthesis and remarkable environmental stability. This review focuses on different preparation processes of PANI thin film by chemical and physical methods. Several features of PANI thin films, such as their magnetic, redox, and antioxidant, anti-corrosion, and electrical and sensing properties, are discussed in this review. PANI is a highly conductive polymer. Given its unique properties, easy synthesis, low cost, and high environmental stability in various applications such as electronics, drugs, and anti-corrosion materials, it has attracted extensive attention. The most important PANI applications are briefly reviewed at the end of this review.

It is estimated that oil reserves will not last very much longer; thus, a switch to alternative energy solutions is crucial. The Malaysian government has already prepared to face the situation decades before. Many policies have been implemented, as well as programmes and initiative. Now, Malaysia is waiting for the ultimate solutions, the Malaysian Fit-in Tariff (FiT), which is scheduled to be implemented second quarter of 2011. This paper presents the main sources of alternative renewable energy in Malaysia and its potential as well as the main reasons Malaysia is turning to alternative energy solutions; to fully utilize its renewable energy (RE) resources, fulfill the energy demand in the future and to reduce carbon emissions. This paper also discusses the steps taken by the government in preparation for FiT and overcoming the barriers in RE development.

Remarkable attention has been committed to the recently discovered cost effective and solution processable lead-free organic-inorganic halide perovskite solar cells. Recent studies have reported that, within five years, the reported efficiency has reached 9.0%, which makes them an extremely promising and fast developing candidate to compete with conventional lead-based perovskite solar cells. The major challenge associated with the conventional perovskite solar cells is the toxic nature of lead (Pb) used in the active layer of perovskite material. If lead continues to be used in fabricating solar cells, negative health impacts will result in the environment due to the toxicity of lead. Alternatively, lead free perovskite solar cells could give a safe way by substituting low-cost, abundant and non toxic material. This review focuses on formability of lead-free organic-inorganic halide perovskite, alternative metal cations candidates to replace lead (Pb), and possible substitutions of organic cations, as well as halide anions in the lead-free organic-inorganic halide perovskite architecture. Furthermore, the review gives highlights on the impact of organic cations, metal cations and inorganic anions on stability and the overall performance of lead free perovskite solar cells.

In this study, a temperature investigation is conducted on a bismuth oxide/manganese oxide (Bi2O3/MnO2) supercapacitor to determine how temperature affects the performances of the supercapacitor. Energy and power densities of 9.5 Wh kg–1 and 102.6 W kg–1 are obtained at 60 °C, respectively, which are approximately twice the values for supercapacitors at 0 °C and 1.37-fold higher than those at 30 °C. Additionally, the supercapacitors achieve energy densities of 4.9 and 6.9 Wh kg–1, and power densities of 53.8 and 74.8 W kg–1 at 0 and 30 °C, respectively. Interestingly, the hybrid Bi2O3/MnO2 active materials exhibit superior stability and reversibility, retaining 95% of the original capacitance at 30 °C and >75% at the high temperature of 60 °C. Although the cooler supercapacitor exhibits a slightly higher resistive performance, its excellent capacitance retention upon continuous charging/discharging measurement at 0 °C shows its potential for use as an all-weather compatible supercapacitor in the automotive sector.

This paper presents a study on an automated positioning open-loop dual-axis solar tracking system. The solar tracker was designed and fabricated using standard cylindrical aluminium hollow and Polyuthrene (PE). The control system of the solar tracker was governed by Micro Controller Unit (MCU) with auxiliary devices which includes encoder and Global Positioning System (GPS). The sun path trajectory algorithm utilizing the astronomical equation and GPS information was also embedded in the system. The power generation performance of the dual-axis solar tracking system was compared with the fixed-tilted Photovoltaic (PV) system. It is found that the solar tracker is able to position itself automatically based on sun path trajectory algorithm with an accuracy of ±0.5°. The embedded Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) positioning system improves the tracking of elevation and azimuth angles with minimum energy consumption. It is reveals that the proposed solar tracker is able generate 26.9% and 12.8% higher power than fixed-tilted PV system on a clear and heavy overcast conditions respectively. Overall, the open-loop dual-axis solar tracker can be deployed automatically at any location on the earth with minimal configurations and is suitable for mobile solar tracking system.

In shaping a clean and green energy environment, the installation of a self-rechargeable supercapacitor in an electric vehicle has the goal of decreasing the emission of unwanted gases, which can be realized by adopting a perovskite solar cell for self-charging the supercapacitor. In this work, a CsPbBr2.9I0.1 perovskite-sensitized solar cell is integrated for the first time with an asymmetrical supercapacitor for a photo-supercapacitor application. Prior to this integration, the performances of the perovskite-sensitized solar cell and supercapacitor are individually examined. The perovskite-sensitized solar cell displays a good efficiency, with the ability to retain 70% of its efficiency after a week of storage in a dark humidity-controlled desiccator and 33% of its efficiency under UV and air exposure at a high relative humidity of more than 80% for 24 h. The asymmetrical supercapacitor exhibits a high areal capacitance of 150 mF cm–2 with a capacitance loss of only 4% after continuous cyclic performances, which shows its potential for the photo-supercapacitor application. The photo-supercapacitor device is sensitive to light, with the photovoltage and photocurrent plunging to zero in the absence of light, and provides an areal capacitance of 30 mF cm–2. It thus unlocks opportunities for photo-supercapacitor applications in line with green energy development.

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