Lifetime tobacco smoke exposure and breast cancer incidence

Background: Despite the fact that breast cancer is the most common female cancer worldwide, more than half of the breast cancer risk factors remained unexplained. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of cigarette smoking with risk of breast cancer. Materials and Methods: A case-control study was conducted in the Clinical Centre of Kragujevac, Serbia, covering 382 participants (191 cases and 191 controls). In the analysis of data logistic regression was used. Results: Breast cancer risk was significantly increased in those who quit smoking at ≤50 years of age (OR=2.72; 95% confidence interval -95%CI=1.02-7.27) and in those who quit smoking less than 5 years before diagnosis of the disease (OR=4.36; 95%CI=1.12-16.88). When smokers were compared with nonsmokers without passive exposure to smoking, former smoking significantly increased breast cancer risk (OR=2.37; 95%CI=1.07-5.24). Risk for breast cancer was significantly increased in those who quit smoking at ≤50 years of age (OR=3.29; 95%CI=1.17-9.27) and in those who quit smoking less than 5 years before diagnosis of the disease (OR=5.46; 95%CI=1.34-22.28). Conclusions: These data suggest that cigarette smoking is associated with an elevated risk of breast cancer among former smokers in Serbia.

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Cigarette Smoking and Breast Cancer: a Case-control Study in Serbia

Ilić

Vlajinac²,

Marinković³

2013

“…The previous reanalysis of 53 epidemiological studies (Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer, 2002), focusing on smoking status, also concluded that tobacco has no effect on overall risk of BC, but its effect on certain subgroups of women could not be excluded. Analysis of findings of the latter studies on this topic indicates that the link of smoking with BC may be dependent on several factors including age of smoking initiation, duration, amount of cigarette smoking per day, genotype, estrogen level, suggesting that early age at smoking initiation, longer duration of smoking and greater numbers of cigarettes are linked with increased risk (Hulka and Moorman, 2001;Reynolds et al, 2004;Gram et al, 2005;Olson et al, 2005;Terry and Goodman, 2006;Ha et al, 2007;Ahern et al, 2009;Pieta et al, 2009;Young et al, 2009;McKenzie et al, 2013). For example, Olson et al (2005) reported increased BC risk by 27% in women who started smoking before the first delivery and by 39% in those who started smoking between first menarche.…”

Section: Smokingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lifestyle Components and Primary Breast Cancer Prevention

Kruk¹

2015

Breast cancer primary prevention is a high research priority due to the high psychological and economic costs. The disease is a multistep process and several risk factors have been recognized. Over the past three decades numerous studies have investigated the association of lifestyle with breast cancer, showing independent effects of various factors. We report here a summary of the present state of knowledge on the role of lifestyle patterns, such as physical activity, diet, smoking, hormone therapy, and experience of psychological stress in the modulation of breast cancer in women, and discuss commonly accepted biological mechanisms hypothesized as responsible for the associations. The findings indicate that regular physical activity of moderate to vigorous intensity is probably linked with the decreased breast cancer risk among postmenopausal females and suggestive for a decrease of the risk in premenopausal women. In contrast, the consumption of high-fat diet, alcohol intake, and use of combined estrogen and synthetic progestagen hormonal therapy may increase the risk. Epidemiological findings dealing with a role of smoking and experience of psychological stress are conflicting.

“…The previous reanalysis of 53 epidemiological studies (Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer, 2002), focusing on smoking status, also concluded that tobacco has no effect on overall risk of breast cancer, but its effect on certain subgroups of women could not be excluded. Analysis of findings of the latter studies on this topic indicates that the link of smoking with breast cancer may be dependent on several factors including age of smoking initiation, duration, amount of cigarette smoking per day, genotype, estrogen level, suggesting that early age at smoking initiation, longer duration of smoking and greater numbers of cigarettes are linked with increased risk (Hulka and Moorman, 2001;Reynolds et al, 2004;Gram et al, 2005;Olson et al, 2005;Terry and Goodman, 2006;Ha et al, 2007;Ahern et al, 2009;Pieta et al, 2009;Young et al, 2009;McKenzie et al, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Passive Smoking and Breast Cancer - a Suspicious Link

Malik

Jeyaraj²,

Shankar³

et al. 2015

Background: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy of women in the world. The disease is caused by infectious and non-infectious, environmental and lifestyle factors. Tobacco smoke has been one of the most widely studied environmental factors wiith possible relevance to breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of tobacco smoking in breast cancer patients in a hospital based cohort and to establish prognostic implications if any. Materials and Methods: A retrospective audit of 100 women with pathological diagnosis of invasive breast cancer was included in this study. The verbal questionnaire elicited information on current and previous history of exposure to smoking in addition to active smoking. All analyses were adjusted for potential confounders, including stage at presentation, alcohol intake, hormonal replacement therapy, oral contraceptive intake, obesity and menopausal status. Results: The mean age at presentation of breast cancer was 51.4 ± 10.86 years. Mean age of presentation was 53.1±11.5 and 45.7±11.9 years in never smokers and passive smokers, respectively. Age at presentation varied widely in patients exposed to tobacco smoke for >10 years in childhood from 40.3± 12.0 years to 47.7± 13.9 in patients exposed for > 20years as adults. Among passive smokers, 60.9% were premenopausal and 39.1% of patients were postmenopausal. In never smokers, 71.4% were post menopausal. Expression of receptors in non-smokers vs passive smokers was comparable with no significant differences. Metastatic potential in lung parenchyma was slightlyelevated in passive smokers as compared to never smokers although statistically non-significant. Conclusions: An inverse relationship exists between the intensity and duration of smoking and the age at presentation and poor prognostic factors. The results strongly suggest efforts should be taken to prevent smoking, encourage quitting and restrict exposure to second hand smoke in India.