Lifestyle Risk Factors and Bone Mass in Recurrent Stone-Forming Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study in 144 Subjects

Abstract

Patients with urolithiasis, particularly hypercalciuria, may have reduced bone mineral density (BMD). There are numerous risk factors contributing to reduction of BMD such as advanced age, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, low calcium intake, etc. The aim of our study was to investigate the association of lifestyle risk factors and daily intake of milk and dairy products with determinants of BMD in a group of recurrent calcium stone formers (RSF) compared with healthy subjects (HS). The study was carried out at the Department of Mineral Research, Faculty of Medicine in Osijek, Croatia. The study included 144 subjects, i.e. 56 RSF and 78 HS. BMD was assessed by dualenergy x-ray absorptiometry. A standard self-reported questionnaire was used to collect data on lifestyle risk factors. Current dietary intake was assessed by personal interview that included questions about milk and dairy product intake. Low BMD was observed in 44.64% of RSF and 35.90% of HS. RSF consumed significantly less milk and dairy products than HS. Calcium restriction in dietary recommendations might be unnecessary due to the impact on bone mineral loss in RSF and dualenergy x-ray absorptiometry should be included in the routine evaluation of RSF.

Assessment of Risk Factors for Formulation of Kidney Stone among Adult Males

“…In contrast, Marić et al (2019), in Croatia, reported no effect of physical activity on KSD risk. Moreover, Aune et al (2018), in Norway, found no significant association between physical activity and kidney stones but there was association with moderate levels of physical activity showing an inverse association.…”

“…Also, Jones et al (2021) found a significant association between smoking and renal stone formation. In contrast, Marić et al (2019), in Croatia, investigated the effect of smoking on KSD, their results showed no positive correlation between them Amount of drinking fluid a day among cases and control groups. In relation to quantity of water has consumed, there are significant differences between case, and control groups regarding number of water cups has consumed, as almost two thirds of control group drinks > 8 cups of water, whereas only more than one third of case group drinks > 8 cups of water.…”

Associations between lumbar bone mineral density, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and history of kidney stones in adults aged 30–69 years in the USA (NHANES 2011–2018)

“…An interventional study in 2019 found that regular doses of vitamin D supplementation in patients with vitamin D deficiency may not increase the risk of hypercalciuria 30. Several studies have also confirmed that increasing the intake of vitamin D can increase BMD and improve bone quality, with significant beneficial effects on the risk of fractures 31–33. Therefore, for patients with kidney stones or those with a tendency to develop stones, it is reasonable to assume that daily vitamin D supplementation might reduce the risk of stone recurrence or occurrence through the interaction between serum 25-OHD and lumbar BMD.…”

Physical Activity Reduces the Effect of High Body Mass Index on Kidney Stones in Diabetes Participants From the 2007–2018 NHANES Cycles: A Cross-Sectional Study

“…However, there are relatively few studies on the relationship between physical activity and kidney stones, and the results are inconsistent (32). Three groups of studies reported a statistically significant protective effect of physical activity on kidney stones (19,33,34), and conversely, three studies reported no effect of physical activity on the risk of kidney stones (18,29,35). Sorensen et al (29) found that physical activity reduced the risk of stones in women by 16%-31%.…”