Lifespan carcinogenicity tests with native carrageenan in rats and hamsters

Rustia, Mario; Shubik, Philippe; Patil, Kashinath D.

doi:10.1016/0304-3835(80)90122-6

Cited by 32 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Animals occasionally developed soft stool consistency, particularly near the start of the experiment. There was a statistically non-significant trend towards an increased incidence of benign mammary tumours and testicular neoplasms in the group fed 2.5% (Rustia et al 1980). Groups of 15 male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were given extracts of kappa-carrageenan from Hypnea musciformis or Irideae crispata at a concentration of 1 or 5% in the diet for one year.…”

Section: Long-term Studies Of Toxicity and Carcinogenicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Carrageenan: a review

Nečas¹,

2013

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Carrageenan is a natural carbohydrate (polysaccharide) obtained from edible red seaweeds. The name Carrageenan is derived from the Chondrus crispus species of seaweed known as Carrageen Moss or Irish Moss in England, and Carraigin in Ireland. Carraigin has been used in Ireland since 400 AD as a gelatin and as a home remedy to cure coughs and colds. It grows along the coasts of North America and Europe. Carrageenans are used in a variety of commercial applications as gelling, thickening, and stabilising agents, especially in food products and sauces. Aside from these functions, carrageenans are used in experimental medicine, pharmaceutical formulations, cosmetics, and industrial applications.Keywords: carrageenan; pharmacokinetics; toxicity; biological activity List of abbreviations 3,6-AG = 3,6, anhydro-galactose, 5-HT = 5-hydroxytryptamine, 6-APA = 6-amino penicillanic acid, ADI = acceptable daily intake, AG = amino guanidine, AIDS = acquired immune deficiency syndrome, AT-III = anti-thrombin-III, bw = body weight, COX-2 = cyclooxygenase-2, eNOS = endothelial nitric oxide synthase, FAO = food and agriculture organization, HC-II = heparin co-factor II, HIV = human immunodeficiency virus, HPV = human papilloma virus, HSV = herpes simplex virus, IFAC = international food additives council, iNOS = inducible nitric oxide synthase, JECFA = Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, L-NMMA = NG-monomethyl-l-arginine, nNOS = neuronal nitric oxide synthase, NO = nitric oxide, NOS = nitric oxide synthase, NSAIDs = non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs, PGs = prostaglandins, SSL = sodium stearoyl lactylate, TNF-α = tumour necrosis factor-α

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Section: Long-term Studies Of Toxicity and Carcinogenicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Carrageenan: a review

Nečas¹,

2013

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“…Oral administration of CGN of up 5% in the diet, representative of its food uses, has not resulted in toxicological effects in several species (guinea pigs, rats -equivalent to 3394 mg/kg/d in males and 3867 mg/kg/d in females -mice and hamsters). 107,110,111 Some evidence of soft stools was noted at that top dose in rats, not unexpected from high doses of nondigestible dietary fiber. Only high doses (>15%) of dietary CGN produced some ulcerative effects in rats.…”

Section: Carrageenanmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…109 Carcinogenicity studies in rats and hamsters of food grade CGN at 5% in the diet did not show evidence of carcinogenicity, tumor promotion, or ulceration. 111,112,114 Teratogenicity was not observed in mice, rats, rabbits, or hamsters, no developmental or reproductive toxicity was observed in a three generational study in rats, and no genotoxicity was identified. 115 Data exist on feeding CGN to nonhuman primates (baboons).…”

Section: Carrageenanmentioning

confidence: 99%

An integrated approach to the safety assessment of food additives in early life

Constable

Mahadevan

Pressman³

et al. 2017

Toxicology Research and Application

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During the development of international standards by the Codex Alimentarius Commission, infant foods and their constituent ingredients are subject to rigorous risk analysis and are strictly regulated by many authorities. Various jurisdictions have approved only a limited number of additives specifically with regard to infant foods to fulfill specific technical requirements of quality. As part of the approval process, a rigorous safety assessment is essential to confirm that the use of additives does not pose any health risk for the consumer. An acceptable daily intake (ADI) may be derived from the toxicological databases. However, the ADI may not be applicable to infants because of the possible developmental sensitivities and potentially high exposure scenarios, leading to possible lower margins of safety than would often be determined for adult populations. There is interest in defining better food safety assessment approaches for pre-weaned infants aged less than 12-16 weeks. To confirm safe use in infants, we reviewed the suitability of the existing safety databases of six additives with historical uses in infant nutrition products. To determine further toxicity testing strategies, it is necessary to understand whether the chemical used in the additives is identical to endogenous physiological metabolites and/or whether immature organs of infants are targets of toxicity. Combined with an in-depth review of the existing relevant toxicological and nutritional studies, this integrated approach will facilitate decision-making. We propose a decision tree as a tool within this approach to help guide appropriate data requirements and identify data gaps. In cases of reasonable uncertainty, studies of targeted juvenile should be considered to investigate the safe use levels in food products.

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“…Interestingly, these experiments failed to demonstrate the carcinogenicity of degraded 1-carrageenans, but the number of tumours induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine increased in the presence of degraded carrageenans, suggesting a role as co-carcinogens. Few publications refer to the possible carcinogenic activities of native carrageenans; although they have been shown to be devoid of carcinogenic effects in the digestive tracts of rats (Watanabe et al 1978;Rustia et al 1980). However, native carrageenans increased the number of intestinal tumours when administered simultaneously with azoxymethane or methylnitrosurea (Watanabe et al 1978), indicating a co-carcinogenic capability.…”

Section: Carrageenans As Carcinogens or Co-mentioning

confidence: 99%

Untitled

1996

Journal of Applied Bacteriology

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Lifespan carcinogenicity tests with native carrageenan in rats and hamsters

Cited by 32 publications

References 25 publications

Carrageenan: a review

Carrageenan: a review

An integrated approach to the safety assessment of food additives in early life

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