Life-long development and gender difference in endogenous eyeblinks from three-month infants to 93 year-old aged

Sugiyama, T.; Kashiwagura, E.; Ohsaga, A.; Yuze, Hiroaki; Tada, Hideoki

doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.05.094

Cited by 2 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…The potto did not blink during the 5-min recordings. The mean blink rate was approximately half of that in humans, which was 20.8 bpm in our own earlier study performed in approximately 1400 adults [24] and as reported elsewhere [6], [7], [52]. However, the variation in blink rate was fairly large, with SD and coefficient of variation (CV) values of 6.8 bpm and 62.3%, respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 51%

“…However, the variation in blink rate was fairly large, with SD and coefficient of variation (CV) values of 6.8 bpm and 62.3%, respectively. In our earlier study, the respective SD and CV values in humans were 14.7 bpm and 70.7% [24].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 68%

“…We do not yet have sufficient data to determine the isolated blink ratio in humans, but from our experience, the isolated blink ratio in humans, at least under experimental conditions, is high in adults. Based on limited data obtained from 408 subjects, including very young babies [24], the isolated blink ratio seems to increase with age, particularly in young children.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, no consistent findings have been reported regarding the subsequent development of blinks. One study indicated that the blinking rate increased during development until adulthood [21], whereas another study showed that the peak rate of blinking occurred in preadolescence [24]. Nevertheless, both studies showed that after the peak, no significant differences in blink rates occur at older ages.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Eye-Blink Behaviors in 71 Species of Primates

et al. 2013

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The present study was performed to investigate the associations between eye-blink behaviors and various other factors in primates. We video-recorded 141 individuals across 71 primate species and analyzed the blink rate, blink duration, and “isolated” blink ratio (i.e., blinks without eye or head movement) in relation to activity rhythms, habitat types, group size, and body size factors. The results showed close relationships between three types of eye-blink measures and body size factors. All of these measures increased as a function of body weight. In addition, diurnal primates showed more blinks than nocturnal species even after controlling for body size factors. The most important findings were the relationships between eye-blink behaviors and social factors, e.g., group size. Among diurnal primates, only the blink rate was significantly correlated even after controlling for body size factors. The blink rate increased as the group size increased. Enlargement of the neocortex is strongly correlated with group size in primate species and considered strong evidence for the social brain hypothesis. Our results suggest that spontaneous eye-blinks have acquired a role in social communication, similar to grooming, to adapt to complex social living during primate evolution.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 51%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 68%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Eye-Blink Behaviors in 71 Species of Primates

et al. 2013

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“…Sex differences are present in a variety of sensory and motor tasks [49–52]. Animal studies show that adult females outperform age-matched males on a number of different learning tasks including classical conditioning [53].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance in eyeblink conditioning is age and sex dependent

et al. 2017

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A growing body of evidence suggests that the cerebellum is involved in both cognition and language. Abnormal cerebellar development may contribute to neurodevelopmental disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, fetal alcohol syndrome, dyslexia, and specific language impairment. Performance in eyeblink conditioning, which depends on the cerebellum, can potentially be used to clarify the neural mechanisms underlying the cerebellar dysfunction in disorders like these. However, we must first understand how the performance develops in children who do not have a disorder. In this study we assessed the performance in eyeblink conditioning in 42 typically developing children between 6 and 11 years old as well as in 26 adults. Older children produced more conditioned eyeblink responses than younger children and adults produced more than children. In addition, females produced more conditioned eyeblink responses than males among both children and adults. These results highlight the importance of considering the influence of age and sex on the performance when studying eyeblink conditioning as a measure of cerebellar development.

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Life-long development and gender difference in endogenous eyeblinks from three-month infants to 93 year-old aged

Cited by 2 publications

References 0 publications

Eye-Blink Behaviors in 71 Species of Primates

Eye-Blink Behaviors in 71 Species of Primates

Performance in eyeblink conditioning is age and sex dependent

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