Performance in eyeblink conditioning is age and sex dependent

Löwgren, Karolina; Bååth, Rasmus; Rasmussen, Anders; Boele, Henk−Jan; Koekkoek, S.K.E.; Zeeuw, Chris I. De; Hesslow, Germund

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0177849

Cited by 25 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…We found that eyeblink conditioning was best captured with a bimodal distribution of the learning parameter (see Fig. 2A and Table 2), which is line with a recent study [78]. The main statistical analysis was therefore based on the 'Learner/non-learner model' and the results are presented in Table 3 ('Learner/non-learner model') and Fig.…”

Section: Eyeblink Conditioningsupporting

confidence: 88%

Cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation interacts with BDNF Val66Met in motor learning

et al. 2018

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The specific role for BDNF Val66Met in eyeblink conditioning, but not vestibulo-ocular reflex adaptation, saccade adaptation or visuomotor adaptation could be related to dominance of the role of simple spike suppression of cerebellar Purkinje cells with a high baseline firing frequency in eyeblink conditioning. Susceptibility of non-carriers to anodal tDCS in eyeblink conditioning might be explained by a relatively larger effect of tDCS-induced subthreshold depolarization in this group, which might increase the spontaneous firing frequency up to the level of that of the carriers.

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Section: Eyeblink Conditioningsupporting

confidence: 88%

Cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation interacts with BDNF Val66Met in motor learning

et al. 2018

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“…Klosterhalfen’s hypothesis fit with Dalla and Shors (2009) , who put forth the hypothesis that there are sex differences in learning, including classical conditioning. A relatively large literature after the Dalla and Shors (2009) article has reported on sex differences in classical conditioning ( Löwgren et al, 2017 ), and some have linked sex differences in learning to sex differences in the stress response ( Merz and Wolf, 2017 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Failure to Find a Conditioned Placebo Analgesic Response

et al. 2018

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Background: Associative learning has, in several studies, been modulated by the sex of the participant. Consistent with this, a recent review found that conditioned nocebo effects are stronger in females than in males.Purpose: It has been suggested that conditioned placebo responses are stronger in females, and this hypothesis was investigated in the present study. Cortisol and measures of negative emotions were taken to investigate if these processes could mediate any conditioned placebo effects.Methods: Cold pain was applied to the volar forearm. The Conditioned group received inert capsules prior to two presentations of less painful stimulations, to associate intake of the capsules with reduced pain. The pain control group received the same painful stimulation as the Conditioned group, but no capsules. The Capsule control group received the capsules in the same way as the Conditioned group, but no decrease in the painful stimulation. Participant sex was crossed across groups. It was hypothesized that in the Conditioned group, an expectation of reduced pain should be induced after administration of the capsules, and this should generate placebo analgesia, and mostly so in females.Results: The Conditioned group reported lower pain during conditioning, and rated the capsules as more effective painkillers than the capsule control group. However, placebo analgesia was not reliably observed in the Conditioned group.Conclusion: The placebo capsules were rated as effective painkillers, but this did not translate into a placebo analgesic effect. This could be due to violation of response expectancies, too few conditioning trials, and differences in pain ratings in the pre-test that could be due to previous experience with painkillers.

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“…In a recent study, Löwgren et al . 69 found that acquisition of conditioned eyeblink responses attains adult levels in humans at the age of 9 years. Similar to eyeblink conditioning, ataxia rating scales show an age-dependency 43 , 44 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebellar-dependent associative learning is impaired in very preterm born children and young adults

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et al. 2017

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Preterm birth incorporates an increased risk for cerebellar developmental disorders likely contributing to motor and cognitive abnormalities. Experimental evidence of cerebellar dysfunction in preterm subjects, however, is sparse. In this study, classical eyeblink conditioning was used as a marker of cerebellar dysfunction. Standard delay conditioning was investigated in 20 adults and 32 preschool children born very preterm. Focal lesions were excluded based on structural magnetic resonance imaging. For comparison, an equal number of matched term born healthy peers were tested. Subgroups of children (12 preterm, 12 controls) were retested. Preterm subjects acquired significantly less conditioned responses (CR) compared to controls with slower learning rates. A likely explanation for these findings is that preterm birth impedes function of the cerebellum even in the absence of focal cerebellar lesions. The present findings are consistent with the assumption that prematurity results in long-term detrimental effects on the integrity of the cerebellum. It cannot be excluded, however, that extra-cerebellar pathology contributed to the present findings.

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Performance in eyeblink conditioning is age and sex dependent

Cited by 25 publications

References 67 publications

Cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation interacts with BDNF Val66Met in motor learning

Cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation interacts with BDNF Val66Met in motor learning

Failure to Find a Conditioned Placebo Analgesic Response

Cerebellar-dependent associative learning is impaired in very preterm born children and young adults

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