Life History Patterns of Storage and Utilization of Lipids for Energy in Amphibians

Fitzpatrick, Lloyd C.

doi:10.1093/icb/16.4.725

Cited by 138 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…In urodelans, lipids are stored in abdominal fat bodies, carcass and tail. Their highest amount is usually before winter dormancy and minimal after breeding in the spring and early summer (Fitzpatrick, 1976). We already confirmed that adult fire salamanders show mobility during wintering (Balogová & Uhrin, 2014) and we also observed no feeding on invertebrate prey (Balogová et al, 2015), although various species of invertebrate prey were previously detected at monitored wintering sites (e.g., Kováč et al, 2002; own unpublished observations).…”

Section: Ecology In Subterranean Habitatssupporting

confidence: 82%

Subterranean systems provide a suitable overwintering habitat for Salamandra salamandra

Balogová¹,

Jelić²,

Kyselová³

et al. 2017

IJS

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Abstract:The fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra) has been repeatedly noted to occur in natural and artificial subterranean systems. Despite the obvious connection of this species with underground shelters, their level of dependence and importance to the species is still not fully understood. In this study, we carried out long-term monitoring based on the capture-markrecapture method in two wintering populations aggregated in extensive underground habitats. Using the POPAN model we found the population size in a natural shelter to be more than twice that of an artificial underground shelter. Survival and recapture probabilities calculated using the Cormack-Jolly-Seber model were very constant over time, with higher survival values in males than in females and juveniles, though in terms of recapture probability, the opposite situation was recorded. In addition, survival probability obtained from Cormack-Jolly-Seber model was higher than survival from POPAN model. The observed bigger population size and the lower recapture rate in the natural cave was probably a reflection of habitat complexity. Our study showed that regular visits are needed to detect the true significance of underground shelters for fire salamanders. The presence of larvae was recorded in both wintering sites, especially in bodies of water near the entrance. On the basis of previous and our observations we incline to the view, that karst areas can induce not only laying in underground shelters but also group wintering in this species. Our study highlights the strong connection of the life cycle of fire salamanders with underground shelters and their essential importance for the persistence of some populations during unfavourable conditions and breeding activity. In addition, the study introduces the POPAN and Cormac-Jolly-Seber models for estimating of population size, survival and recapture probability in wintering populations of the species, which could provide important information for species conservation.fire salamander, underground shelter, capture-mark-recapture method, population size, survival probability, recapture probability

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Section: Ecology In Subterranean Habitatssupporting

confidence: 82%

Subterranean systems provide a suitable overwintering habitat for Salamandra salamandra

Balogová¹,

Jelić²,

Kyselová³

et al. 2017

IJS

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“…These were: (1) an increase in V CO2 during cooling, but before the initiation of ice formation (which we henceforth call the 'cooling threshold'); (2) an increase in V CO2 upon freezing; and (3) an increase in V CO2 during thawing (Fig.1). We assumed that lipid was the main fuel source when the frogs were unfrozen [as is the case for all dormant frogs that have been studied (Fitzpatrick, 1976;Long, 1987;Tattersall and Ultsch, 2008)], but that metabolism during freezing, thawing and while frozen was fuelled by carbohydrate (Storey and Storey, 1986). We then used this simulation to predict CO 2 production from microclimate data (see Marshall and Sinclair, 2012) from the microhabitat temperature recordings, and calculated expected total overwinter carbohydrate and lipid consumption (Fig.2).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, we did explore the consequences of this assumption in our sensitivity analyses. Previous studies have indicated that while frozen, R. sylvatica is dependent on carbohydrate metabolism (Storey and Storey, 1986), and we assumed that, when unfrozen, lipid stores provide the main fuel source (Fitzpatrick, 1976;Long, 1987;Tattersall and Ultsch, 2008). We assumed that carbohydrates were the fuel source during bursts of CO 2 production in cooling, freezing and thawing, and that carbohydrates provided all metabolic fuel when the frogs were frozen.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Real-time measurement of metabolic rate during freezing and thawing of the wood frog,Rana sylvatica: implications for overwinter energy use

Sinclair

Stinziano

Williams

et al. 2013

Journal of Experimental Biology

107

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SUMMARYEctotherms overwintering in temperate ecosystems must survive low temperatures while conserving energy to fuel post-winter reproduction. Freeze-tolerant wood frogs, Rana sylvatica, have an active response to the initiation of ice formation that includes mobilising glucose from glycogen and circulating it around the body to act as a cryoprotectant. We used flow-through respirometry to measure CO 2 production (V CO2 ) in real time during cooling, freezing and thawing. CO 2 production increases sharply at three points during freeze-thaw: at +1°C during cooling prior to ice formation (total of ). We interpret these increases in metabolic rate to represent the energetic costs of preparation for freezing, the response to freezing and the re-establishment of homeostasis and repair of damage after thawing, respectively. We assumed that frogs metabolise lipid when unfrozen and that carbohydrate fuels metabolism during cooling, freezing and thawing, and when frozen. We then used microclimate temperature data to predict overwinter energetics of wood frogs. Based on the freezing and melting points we measured, frogs in the field were predicted to experience as many as 23 freeze-thaw cycles in the winter of our microclimate recordings. Overwinter carbohydrate consumption appears to be driven by the frequency of freeze-thaw events, and changes in overwinter climate that affect the frequency of freeze-thaw will influence carbohydrate consumption, but changes that affect mean temperatures and the frequency of winter warm spells will modify lipid consumption. Supplementary material available online at

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“…It is not only the body size that is important in the reproductive function take-off. Fat deposits, too, may play a role in determining whether or not some vertebrates are ready to mature [42,43]. Some authors are of the opinion that only those fish that have accumulated suitable energy reserves [12,19,44] or visceral fat [45,46] will start maturing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body size versus gonad maturation form in under-yearling precocious males of the sea trout (Salmo trutta m. trutta L.)

Dziewulska

Domagała

2006

Reprod. Nutr. Dev.

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-The study was aimed at analysing body size in relation to form of gonad maturation (amount of mature germ cells) in 329 under-yearling sea trout males. The fish, aged 7 months, were caught in late October-early November in 3 streams located in north-western Poland. Each stream supported fish belonging to a different sib group. Standard histological techniques and a computer image analysis programme were used to detect the class of gonad maturation and percentage of the gonad area occupied by tubules with active spermatogenesis. Gonad maturation forms were distinguished based on the latter criteria. Gonads with developing germ cells occupying less than 90% of gonad area were classified as incomplete forms of gonad maturation, others as complete maturation forms. In each sib-groups analysed, even the smallest individual were already precocious, their gonads being incompletely mature. The smallest maturing male measured 7.1 cm in length. The average size of an incompletely maturing individual was slightly smaller than that of the completely mature one but the difference lacked statistical significance (P > 0.05). The sib-group of smaller fish contained less precocious, and the gonads of the more precocious were incompletely mature, compared to the sib-group of larger fish (P < 0.001). It seems that the incomplete form of gonad maturation (defected maturation) occurs at a smaller critical fish size than the complete gonad maturation form. Incomplete maturation is more frequent smaller individuals and possibly in among slow-growing groups of fish.Salmo trutta / testis / precocious / incomplete maturation / partial maturation / attempted maturation

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Life History Patterns of Storage and Utilization of Lipids for Energy in Amphibians

Cited by 138 publications

References 13 publications

Subterranean systems provide a suitable overwintering habitat for Salamandra salamandra

Subterranean systems provide a suitable overwintering habitat for Salamandra salamandra

Real-time measurement of metabolic rate during freezing and thawing of the wood frog,Rana sylvatica: implications for overwinter energy use

Body size versus gonad maturation form in under-yearling precocious males of the sea trout (Salmo trutta m. trutta L.)

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