Life Cycle Cost Assessment of Electric Vehicles: A Review and Bibliometric Analysis

Ayodele, Bamidele Victor; Mustapa, Siti Indati

doi:10.3390/su12062387

Cited by 48 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Studies on the reliability of NEVs [6], NEVs and smart grids [41], the manufacturing and recycling of lithium batteries [42,43], and the LCC of NEVs [44] found that different manufacturing data selection, lack of timeliness, targets, and modeling selection all affect the authenticity of the results [6]. Presently, review studies tend to study a certain stage, focusing on the energy stage, manufacturing stage, or recycling stage of a product.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Environmental Efficiency Evaluation of New Energy Vehicles Using Life Cycle Analysis

Wang

Tang

2022

Sustainability

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New energy vehicles (NEVs), especially electric vehicles (EVs), address the important task of reducing the greenhouse effect. It is particularly important to measure the environmental efficiency of new energy vehicles, and the life cycle analysis (LCA) model provides a comprehensive evaluation method of environmental efficiency. To provide researchers with knowledge regarding the research trends of LCA in NEVs, a total of 282 related studies were counted from the Web of Science database and analyzed regarding their research contents, research preferences, and research trends. The conclusion drawn from this research is that the stages of energy resource extraction and collection, carrier production and energy transportation, maintenance, and replacement are not considered to be research links. The stages of material, equipment, and car transportation and operation equipment settling, and forms of use need to be considered in future research. Hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (HFCEVs), vehicle type classification, the water footprint, battery recovery and reuse, and battery aging are the focus of further research, and comprehensive evaluation combined with more evaluation methods is the direction needed for the optimization of LCA. According to the results of this study regarding EV and hybrid power vehicles (including plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV), fuel-cell electric vehicles (FCEV), hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), and extended range electric vehicles (EREV)), well-to-wheel (WTW) average carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions have been less than those in the same period of gasoline internal combustion engine vehicles (GICEV). However, EV and hybrid electric vehicle production CO2 emissions have been greater than those during the same period of GICEV and the total CO2 emissions of EV have been less than during the same period of GICEV.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Environmental Efficiency Evaluation of New Energy Vehicles Using Life Cycle Analysis

Wang

Tang

2022

Sustainability

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“…For example, in the Netherlands, there is a more favorable income tax rate for people who use low or zero emission company cars for private use (4%) compared to 25% for ICE vehicles. Specifically in Amsterdam, a subsidy scheme was offered for the purchase of frequently used electric vehicles in the city [76]. Denmark, until 1 January 2016, was at the forefront of the European countries with the most sales of battery electric vehicles (BEV), since they were exempt from registration tax, being a great incentive.…”

Section: Renewable Potential and Integration Targetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electric Vehicle and Renewable Energy Sources: Motor Fusion in the Energy Transition from a Multi-Indicator Perspective

et al. 2021

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Energy transition requires actions from different sectors and levels, mainly focused on achieving a low-carbon and high-renewable integration society. Among the different sectors, the transport sector is responsible for more than 20% of global greenhouse gas emissions, mostly emitted in cities. Therefore, initiatives and analysis focused on electric vehicles integration powered by renewables is currently a desirable solution to mitigate climate change and promote energy transition. Under this framework, this paper proposes a multi-indicator analysis for the estimation of CO2 emissions combining renewable integration targets, reduction emission targets and realistic renewable resource potentials. Four scenarios are identified and analyzed: (i) current situation with conventional vehicles, (ii) replacement of such conventional by electric vehicles without renewable integration, (iii) and (iv) integration of renewables to fulfill emission reduction targets for 2030 and 2050 respectively. The analysis is evaluated in the state of Maine (United States). From the results, a minimum renewable penetration of 39% and 82%, respectively, is needed to fulfill the emission reduction targets for 2030 and 2050 by considering 100% conventional vehicle replacement. Different combinations of available renewable resources can reduce emissions by more than 35%.

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“…For PHEVs, the cost reduction achieved by simplifying the design of the internal combustion engine compensates for the cost increase brought about by the introduction of large batteries to some extent. For REVs, the introduction of an internal combustion engine will address the tradeoff between the driving range and battery cost [59,60]. Due to the increasingly stringent laws and regulations, the proportion of BEVs and FCVs will also increase steadily.…”

Section: Prospects For Powertrain Technologies In Chinamentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges, Potential and Opportunities for Internal Combustion Engines in China

et al. 2020

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With the increasing pressure on the automotive industry due to energy consumption, environmental pollution and climate change, internal combustion engines, which occupy a dominant position in traditional automotive powertrains, are facing considerable challenges from battery electric powertrains. This paper presents an in-depth analysis and objective interpretation of the challenges, potential and opportunities for internal combustion engines in this point. Specifically, the global automotive industry is approaching the “Power 2.0 era”, and multiple powertrains will coexist for a long time. The relationships between the various powertrains are complementary rather than simply competitive in China. Only by optimizing the product and technology combination can the best solution be obtained to meet the increasingly stringent regulations and the escalating needs for mobility. At the same time, internal combustion engines will continue to play an important role in the development of the automotive industry, and they have the potential for further improvement in plenty of areas, such as thermal efficiency, emissions and electrification. Internal combustion engines will undergo an important evolution toward high efficiency through fixed-point operation, system simplification and cost reduction. In addition, the electrification of powertrains, the upgrading and diversification of fuel designs, and the development of intelligent and connected technologies will bring unprecedented opportunities for making the internal combustion engine more efficient, green and clean to better serve society in the near future.

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Life Cycle Cost Assessment of Electric Vehicles: A Review and Bibliometric Analysis

Cited by 48 publications

References 50 publications

A Review on Environmental Efficiency Evaluation of New Energy Vehicles Using Life Cycle Analysis

A Review on Environmental Efficiency Evaluation of New Energy Vehicles Using Life Cycle Analysis

Electric Vehicle and Renewable Energy Sources: Motor Fusion in the Energy Transition from a Multi-Indicator Perspective

Challenges, Potential and Opportunities for Internal Combustion Engines in China

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